The purpose of this study was to have a general view of pancreas in one species of pigeon.Some disorders affect avian pancreas.Pancreatitis and Pancreatic degeneration have been described in many infections and deficiencies. In pigeon, lymphoid infiltration and necrosis diffusion is a common finding. After anesthesia, tissue pieces were dissected from the lobes. Samples were fixed in Bouin, processed and stained by H&E and Gomori for light microscopy study. The pancreas of this pigeon had four lobes. The acini had oval shape with centroacinar cell. Ducts had simple to stratified cuboidal epithelium and muscular layers were around of ducts.Isletsare more numerous in ventral part of lobe B and in dorsal part of lobe A.The spleen segment in this pigeon contained fewer islets than the rest of the pancreas.The cells of islets in this species of pigeon were not distributed evenly throughout each islet.There were B cell and a few D cells inside light B islets andthere were A cell and a few D cells inside dark A islets.There were some similarities and differences in pancreas of this species to other birds.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of bupivacaine alone and in combination with fentanyl and edetomidine for lumbar epidural analgesia in fifteen buffalo calves. Haemato-biochemical parameters viz- Hb PCV, TLC, DLC, serum glucose, Serum Total protein, Serum urea nitrogen, Serum Creatinine, AST and ALT were measured after lumbar epidural administration of bupivacaine alone (group A), bupivacaine with fentanyl (group B) and bupivacaine with medetomidine (group C) animals (@ 0.15mg/kg body wt., 0.15mg/kg body wt + 2μgm/kg body wt, 0.15mg/kg body wt.+ 15μgm/kg body wt) respectively. Haematological studies revealed a not really significant decrease in Hb, PCV and TLC in group A and B, a significant (p

Wound is a break in the outer layer of skin. There are several different methods to provoke wound healing process, consisting topically or orally administration of medicinal drugs or herbal remedies. Persian shallot, Allium hirtifolium which belongs to the same genus of garlic,naturally grows in different parts of Iran. In this study, we have avaluated the wound healing activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of A .hirtifolium Boiss. Four bilateral full-thickness wounds (2 on each side) were made on the dorsal area of four adult albino rats weighing 165±35 gr under general anesthesia. Right side wounds were treated in experimental groups,while left side wounds were considered as control littermates. One day after surgery, a gellike 1:1 mixture of A. hirtifolium extract and methylcellulose were topically applied (100 mg/kg/day) to the experimental wounds while the wounds in control groups were treated with the extract-free gel for 12 days. At days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12, digital photos of wounds were taken using of Scion image software, for analyzing the percentage of wound contraction, epithelialisation and speed of healing. The results revealed that A. hirtifolium can accelerate wound healing by increasing the rate of epithelialisation. We concluded that A. hirtifolium extract may be clinically useful in management of open wounds treatment procedures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of rickets types in broiler chickens on the basis of gross and microscopic lesions in field clinical cases with regard to differential pathomorphological diagnosis.Clinical, serological, gross anatomy and histological investigations were carried out in broiler chickens with signs of rickets. The survey included 12 finisher broiler flocks (ten Ross 308 and two Cobb 500 flocks) from 4 different farms.Gross lesions in chickens from two of farms were indicative of hypophosphataemic rickets and the other two- of hypocalcaemic rickets types. Microscopic lesions correlated to macroscopic ones. The results of investigations showed that lesions resulting from calcium deficiency were very different from those occurring after phosphorus deficiency or calcium excess. It was suggested that macroscopic lesions in the proximal tibiotarsus could be used to distinguish field cases of Ca-deficiency and P-deficiency rickets in broiler chickens. The lesions in other leg parts (femur and tarsometatarsus) were not consistent with regard to differential diagnosis of rickets types due to the insufficient lesions in these bones.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of these acute phase proteins(Serum amyloid A, Milk amyloid A and serum Haptoglobin) and alteration in hematological values in some inflammatory diseases in dairy cattle. Fifty-six Holstein dairy cows with some inflammatory diseases were used in this study including: subclinical mastitis, hematological infections (Theileriosis and Anaplasmosis), metritis, pneumonia and displacement abomasums (n= 8 each). Clinically healthy cows were selected as control group (n= 8). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of both groups. One sample of pooled milk from both groups was taken after the milk samples gathered from four quarters of each cow were mixed. There were significant differences in mean concentrations of serum and Milk amyloid A between clinically healthy cows and diseased cows and also, between abomasal displacement and other infectious diseases (P<0.05). There were also significant differences in Haptoglobin concentrations between cattle suffering from subclinical mastitis, theileriosis and pneumonia compared to those with anaplasmosis, abomasal displacement and metritis (P<0.05).Our results indicated the application of serum Haptoglobin, Serum amyloid A and Milk amyloid Ameasurements as indicators of inflammatory diseases in dairy cattle. In conclusion, the current report shows Haptoglobin, Serum amyloid A, and Milk amyloid A measurements could be successfully applied in cattle as valuable indicators of inflammatory diseases.

Micronemes are secretory organelles of the invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites and contain proteins that are important for parasite motility and host cell invasion. Even though coccidiosis is a complex disease that can be caused by any combination of mainly seven species, most of the molecular researches concerning characterization of host and parasite genes and proteins have been limited to Eimeria tenella. The present study describes isolation and purification of Eimeria necatrix oocysts that can be used for an inexpensive and simple total RNA extraction method to partial sequence determination of a cDNA encoding microneme 5 protein. Using the extracted total RNA as template and oligo(dT) as primer, cDNA was synthesized. In order to amplify cDNA encoding the micronem 5 protein (EnMIC- 5), RT-PCR was applied with the specific primers based on the known EST sequence.Following amplification, the unique and thick 758 bp fragment was seen. Domain analysis of EnMIC-5 revealed that the sequence contains the conserved domain of PAN/APPLE superfamily between amino acid resides 130 to 201. This domain has strong similarity to the adhesive plasma pre-kallikrein. Despite sequence similarity of EnMIC-5 with those sequences in database, differences may represent some allelic polymorphism.

Acute yew (Taxus baccata) intoxication was induced in 7 adult sheep by oral administration of the plant materials at the dose of 2.5g/kg body weight. Blood samples for hematology and serum biochemistry were collected before and after the induced intoxication.Electrocardiography was performed using a base-apex lead. Intoxicated animals displayed lethargy, depression, bradycardia and varying intensity of heart sounds. The ECGs of intoxicated sheep showed a variety of arrhythmias and abnormalities including multifocal ventricular tachycardia, idioventricular and idiojunctinal rhythm and QRS and T widening. Four sheep died within 4-16 hours after yew administration. Significant increase of white blood cells, total neutrophil counts and serum sodium concentration were observed. Post mortem examination and histological evaluation were done with special regards on tissue changes of the myocardium and conduction system. There were hyperemia, focal hemorrhage and multifocal nonsuppurative interstitial myocarditis with mild focal cardiac muscle cell degeneration and necrosis in the affected hearts which appeared more prominent in the right atrium. Histopathological examination of cardiac conduction system also revealed moderate to severe interstitial edema with inflammation of the SA-node, AV-node, the bundle branches and His-bundle in all cases which was most severe in the AV-node and the His-bundle. Oral administration of dried leaves of T. baccata, at the dose of 2.5g/kg can induce acute toxicity, manifested clinically by a variety of cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial lesions including special conduction system in pathology.

The possible existence of equine piroplasmosis was investigated in the province of Quezon, Philippines. Blood samples of 269 horses from selected municipalities of Quezon Province were gathered. Parasitological test namely blood parasite examination was employed and the test yielded negative results for the presence of the parasite. Similarly, polymerase chain reaction assay was performed using Babesia genus-specific primers. PCR assay also resulted to all samples being negative for the disease. The negative results are suggestive of a variety of causes specifically; low parasite concentration during sample collection, localization of the parasite in the endothelium, latent stage of infection, acquired immunity, drug intervention and true negative or complete absence of parasite in the blood. The abovementioned reasons are either characterized by very low parasitemia, no parasitemia or eventually complete disappearance of the parasites in the blood, all of which subsequently confounds the observance of the parasite.

The Council Directive 2000/75/EC lays down controlling rules and measures to contrast and to eradicate bluetongue disease, including rules on the establishment of protection and surveillance zones and the use of vaccines against bluetongue. In the past years, only sporadic incursions of certain serotypes of the bluetongue virus were recorded in EU. However, after the adoption of the Directive, and particularly after the introduction into the Union of bluetongue viruses serotypes 1 and 8 in the years 2006-2007,the infection has become more widespread in EU, with the potential of becoming endemic in certain areas. The rules of vaccination against bluetongue laid down in Directive 2000/75/EC are based on the experience of the use of so-called “modified live vaccines”, or “live attenuated vaccines” that were the only available vaccines when the Directive was adopted. The use of those vaccines may lead to an undesired local circulation of the vaccine virus, also in unvaccinated animals. In recent years inactivated vaccines against bluetongue, which does not pose a risk for unvaccinated animals, have been introduced. The widespread use of these vaccines, during a vaccination campaign, led to a significant improvement in the disease situation. It’s now widely accepted that vaccination with inactivated vaccines is the preferred tool for the control of bluetongue and prevention of this clinical disease in EU. In order to ensure the better control of the bluetongue virus spread, the Authors underline the necessity to amend the current rules on vaccination to take account of recent technological developments in vaccine production.

The objective of the present experience was to study the effects of metoclopramide and tramadol on epidural analgesia induced by lidocaine in rabbits.Fifteen healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighting 3-3.5 kg of both genders were used.Animals were divided randomly into three groups. Three different combinations of drugs were injected into the epidural space to induce epidural analgesia in the following order: group A2% lidocaine (1.5 ml), group B the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and metoclopramide (0.5 ml) and group C, the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and tramadol (0.2 ml). The procedure was repeated 48 hours and a week after the first injection. The onset time of analgesia (OT), duration of flaccid paresis (DFP) and duration of analgesia (DA) was determined in all treatments. There was no complication in the induction of epidural analgesia.Statistical analysis showed thatmean of OT in group C (15.7±4.2 sec), was significantly lower in comparison to group A (68.6±15.5 sec) and group B (45.8±17.1 sec)(p=0.004). Mean DFP was significantly higher in group C (35.9±10.5 min) in comparison to group A (18.3±5.2 min) and group B (29.2±11.5 min)( p =0.001). Mean of DA was significantly higher in group B (39.1±16.2 min) compared to group A (23.6±5.5 min)(p=0.018) and also in group C (48.9±10.7 min) compared to group A (p =0.00). But there was no significant difference between means of DA in group B and C (p =0.05).The present study indicates that addition ofmetoclopramide and tramadol to lidocaine is effective in prolongation of epidural analgesia in rabbit.