This study considered the therapeutic efficacy of three different Artemisia species extracts on capsaicin-induced dental pulp pain and pain-associated changes in feeding behaviors in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were alienated into five groups (n=6), comprising: sham, capsaicin, and capsaicin groups pre-treated with hydroalcoholic extracts of A. sieberi, A.persica, and A.biennis. Pulpitis was evoked by intradental administration of capsaicin (100 µg). The plant extracts (200 mg/kg/ i.p.) were administered 10 min before capsaicin. Pain scores were recorded for forty min. Afterward, feeding behavior was evaluated within 6 hours. All extracts could suppress capsaicin-related dental pulp pain. Furthermore, capsaicin decreased the number of visits to the food and water ports of the feeding behavior evaluation device that led to a reduced amount and duration of meals consumed. These harmful effects of capsaicin on meal duration, and frequency were attenuated by A.persica. Moreover, capsaicin inhibitory effect on food intake and water consumption was suppressed by all the extracts. Taken together, the present study showed that Artemisia species extracts are useful in supressing capsaicin-induced pulpal pain and pain-induced feeding abnormalities.

Melophagus ovinus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) is considered one of the main ectoparasites that attack sheep, however, in Ecuador information about this parasite is limited. In this study, the prevalence of Melophagus ovinus in sheep was examined in Tungurahua province, Ecuador. For this purpose, sampling was performed in some semi-intensive and backyard sheep farming systems in different locations in Tungurahua. Significant differences were detected in the prevalence of M. ovinus between different locations, being higher in Ambato (39.3%), followed by Quero (33.5%), Mocha (32, 3%), Pelileo (30.7%), and Tisaleo (28%). Meanwhile, a significant decrease in prevalence was observed in Patate, Cevallos, and Píllaro ranging from 7.5% to 18%, and no Melophagus ovinus was detected in Baños. No relationship was observed between the number of ectoparasites and the gender or age of the host sheep. A higher incidence was observed in males (58.45%) than in females (41.55%), even though it was not statistically significant according to Pearson's Chi-squared (p/ = 0.492). Similarly, when considering the effect of the age of an animal on the incidence of M. ovinus, no significant association was found based on Pearson's Chi-squared (i>p/i>= 0.314). However, the animals aged 1-3 and older than 5 years showed a higher prevalence. This study highlights the need for further studies on the prevalence of Melophagus ovinus in producing areas.

There is a demand for using new alternative strategies to improve the health and production of poultry. One of them is the magnetization of the drinking water. Hence, this review article was designed to discuss the different effects of magnetized water on the poultry production traits, carcass traits, immune response, antimicrobial activity, blood parameters, and oxidative stress. Exposure of water to different magnetic fields positively rearranges the chemical structure and consequently improves its quality. Broilers received magnetized water showed an improvement in the body weight gains and the feed conversion ratios; layers revealed increasing in the eggs quantity and quality, and breeders exhibited an increase in the fertility and hatchability parameters. Improving of the dressing and carcass traits have been shown after providing magnetized water. Moreover, magnetized water may not only enhance the humoral immunity and decreases the pathogenic microbial load, but also increases the beneficial bacterial populations. Amelioration in the liver and kidney enzymes and other blood parameters as well as relieving of the oxidative stress were also detected in birds supplied with magnetized water. In conclusion, more research work should be carried out in this area and also more encouragement and awareness of poultry farmers to treat birds with magnetized water.

In ruminant, the kidneys are a major excretory organ that eliminate metabolic byproducts and regulate water-electrolyte homeostasis and maintain acid-base balance in the body. Therefore, kidney abnormalities cause a life-threatening effect on ruminants’ health. Renal torsion has not been reported in any animal species. In the present report, a case of a two-month-old male lamb that has unilateral renal torsion has been described. In necropsy, the twisted left kidney was severely congested and was enlarged in size. Histopathological studies revealed renal tubular and glomeruli necrosis. Vascular changes consisted of congestion and thrombi in the blood vessels. Abnormalities in the embryonic developmental period and increased mobility of the renal structure due to ligaments associated with a twisted kidney are suspected causes of the occurrence of renal torsion.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-time progesterone injection subcutaneously (SC) on estrus synchronization of Baluchi ewes. All ewes received one dose of PGF2α (15 mg) and then were divided into two groups. In the P4 group, a combination of progesterone and propylene glycol was subcutaneously injected twice at the three-day interval, and a vaginal sponge was used in the control group for 6 days.  On day 6, all ewes received 400 IU of eCG. 48h after eCG injection, two rams were introduced into the flock. Blood samples were taken daily from Day 0 to Day 13 to measure serum progesterone concentration. Ultrasonography was used to observe ovaries and monitor their changes at three-day intervals. In P4 and control groups, the estrus rate was 88.9% and 100% for P4 and control groups, respectively; the duration of estrus for the P4 and control groups was 8 and 8.5 days, respectively (p >0.05). No significant difference was observed in the size of the largest follicle and the number of follicles more than 2 mm in diameter between the treatment and control groups. Further studies with some changes and modifications are required for gaining acceptable fertility and prolificacy rates.

Frequent and unlimited use of antibiotics caused the development of antibiotic resistance by microorganisms. Therefore, there is an argent need to discover novel antibacterial agents or a combination of agents as a safe treatment strategy for various infections. In the present study the synergistic effects of cLFchimera, an antimicrobial peptides, and Vancomycin antibiotic were evaluated using checkerboard method against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria strain. cLFchimera had antimicrobial activity against MRSA and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (MIC: 256 and 512 µg/mL, respectively). A synergistic effect was observed in the combination of cLFchimera with Vancomycin (FIC: 0.375). The results showed that at FIC concentrations, release cytoplasmic materials from bacterial cells and the number of surviving cells were significantly (P≤0.05) higher and lower, respectively, than when peptides or antibiotic were used alone. SEM electron microscopic analysis at FIC concentration showed severe membrane damage of bacterial cells. In conclusion, the use of cLFchimera and Vancomycin at FIC concentration reduces the consumption of both substances.

Fish farming is increasing globally, with an increase in bacterial infections known to cause morbidity and varying mortality, affecting the productivity and profitability of aquaculture. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotics susceptibility and multiple antibiotic resistance index of bacteria isolated from fish in some selected fish farms in Kaduna State to ten commonly used antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In total, 84 bacteria were isolated from 75 Clarias gariepinus in this study, belonging to 12 genera. The antibiotic profile of the bacteria isolated displayed different sensitivity and resistance to the antibiotics used. The highest numbers of the Gram-positive (59.5%) and Gram-negative (69%) bacteria, respectively, were sensitive to ciprofloxacin compared to the other antibiotics. All the bacterial isolates displayed varying diversity of multidrug-resistant patterns. A total of 38 and 41 different resistance patterns for Gram-positive and Gram-negative respectively were observed. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index analysis reveals that 97.3% of the bacteria had a high MAR index value (> 0.2). In conclusion, there is a diversity of bacteria organisms within the fish farms that are pathogenic to both fish and humans. Therefore, there is a need to implement optimal preventive management measures and control the use of antibiotics.

Salmonellosis is considered to be a zoonotic disease, the transmission of which through oral-fecal contact is unavoidable because pet care has been popular recently. On the other hand, excessive use of human antibiotics to treat animals resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serotypes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance to select the appropriate antibiotic for disease control. In this study, the presence of Salmonella serovars in the fecal samples of 256 pet dogs was investigated by enrichment and selective culture. Moreover, the existence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, as well as phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, were assessed. Of the total of 256 fecal samples, 21 samples (8.2%) of pet dogs were positive for Salmonella, including S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, and S. Senftenberg. Based on our findings, all serovars carried virulence genes invA, invF, sitC, fimA and S. Typhimurium resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (50%), oxytetracycline (75%), florfenicol (50%) and lincospectin (100%). While S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. senftenberg were sensitive to ampicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. S. Infantis was also sensitive to all antibiotics. In conclusion, our findings suggest that pet dogs are potential sources of Salmonella strains that carry resistance and virulence genes. Thus, healthy pet dogs could play an important role in human salmonellosis.

Lice are permanent, obligate ectoparasites for birds and mammals. Bovicola caprae causes hypersensitivity, irritation, dermatitis, anemia, lower weight gain, and lower productivity in goats. This study was conducted to investigate B. caprae by molecular methods based on the mitochondrial genome in the West and Northwest of Iran. A total of 1017 samples of chewing lice collected from ten cities in five provinces were identified using diagnostic keys. After DNA extraction and PCR, samples were sent for sequencing. Morphological results were consistent with molecular examinations. Nucleotide sequencing of samples isolated from different cities based on mitochondrial genome showed 100% intraspecific similarity. The sequences of B. caprae isolated in this study appeared in a branch next to the Canadian and Chinese samples in the phylogenetic tree with more than 90% similarity. The results of mitochondrial gene analysis in the present research showed that this fragment is useful for showing intraspecific similarity and species and genus differentiation of B. caprae.

Catamenial epilepsy may involve 10 to 70% of women with epilepsy in which, seizures are exacerbated by the menstrual cycle. Artemisinin is a herbal compound with widespread modern and traditional medical indications. Because of GABAergic interaction, this study was designed to study the antiepileptic effects of Artemisinin during the estrus cycle.  A total of 360 adult female mice were placed in 10 groups: control, solvent (ethanol 10ml/kg), Artemisinin (75&150 mg/kg), Bicuculline (2mg/kg), Bicuculline (2mg/kg) + Atremisinin (75&150 mg/kg), Saclofen (2mg/kg), Saclofen (2mg/kg) + Atremisinin (75&150 mg/kg), each with four subgroups (proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus) (n=9). One week after acclimatization, estrous synchronization and phase determination was achieved. Acute epilepsy was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 80 mg/kg of Pentylentetrazole (PTZ), 30 minutes after i.p injection of Artemisinin and ethanol. Initiation time of myoclonic seizures (ITMS), initiation time of tonic-clonic seizures (ITTS), seizure duration (SD), and mortality rate (MR) were recorded for 30 minutes. Data were displayed as mean ± SD and evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Artemisinin significantly decreased epilepsy incidence, duration, and mortality rate, in parallel to increasing ITMS and ITTS in a dose-dependent manner which were more prominent during the luteal phase. Co-administration of Biccucluline significantly inhibited antiepileptic effects of Artemisinin, while Saclofen did not have such an inhibitory interaction. It seems that increased neurosteroid metabolites and GABAA receptors, neural hyperpolarization following GABA interaction, and anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties which decrease neuroinflammation and neural excitability can participate in the antiepileptic effects of Artemisinin.