Lotmaria passim (L. passim) is a single-celled flagellate which colonises the bee gastrointestinal tract and is highly prevalent in honey bees. This parasite is associated with colony losses. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies were sampled from five apiaries in the north-eastern part of Poland for the phylogenetic analysis of L. passim.

Varroa destructor is the most damaging ectoparasite to the beekeeping economy. The mite has different haplotypes. It is aimed to determine which haplotype is present by examining the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene region of V. destructor found in honey bees in Siirt region. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(RFLP) methods were applied in the analysis of the COI gene region of V. destructor in Siirt region. To do this,V. destructor samples were collected from 387 enterprises in the Siirt region. DNA extraction followed the PZR.Subsequently, 1.5% agarose gel images were obtained by electrophoresis. The PCR products were then subjectedto XhoI and SacI restriction enzymes and 2% agarose gel images were obtained. 38 of the samples (10%) weresent to a private enterprise for sequencing. The obtained sequences were blasted and compared with thecorresponding reference sequences in GenBank.According to the results of PZR and RFLP obtained from the 387 V. destructor samples in the studytowards the COI gen region, all of the samples were found to be Korean haplotypes and Japanese haplotypeswere not found in any of 387 samples. At the same time, it was also confirmed that the 38 sequenced sampleswere Korean haplotypes.The results obtained from this study are significant in terms of forming a groundwork for futurestudies.

O presente experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP, e teve como objetivos estudar uma cultura de café (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo), quanto à biologia floral, a freqüência e comportamento dos insetos na flor, testar o produto Bee-HereR (Hoescht Shering Agrevo do Brasil Ltda) quanto a sua atratividade para as abelhas Apis mellifera e verificar a produção de frutos com e sem a visita dos insetos. Para isso, foram verificados o tempo do desenvolvimento e quantidade de açúcar solúvel do néctar das flores; freqüência das visitações dos insetos, no decorrer do dia, por meio de contagem do número de insetos visitando as flores, a cada 60 minutos, das 8 às 17 horas, 10 minutos em cada horário; tempo (em segundos) e tipo de coleta (néctar e/ou pólen) dos insetos mais freqüentes; perda de botões florais; porcentagem de flores que se transformaram em frutos; tempo de formação e contagem dos grãos de café, observando-se a porcentagem de frutificação em flores visitadas ou não pelos insetos. Também foram realizados testes por pulverização utilizando-se o produto Bee-HereR , diluído em xarope e em água, em diferentes horários. A flor durou, em média, cerca de 3 dias desde sua abertura até o murchamento. A quantidade de açúcares do néctar apresentou diferença significativa entre os horários, sendo maior às 8 horas (em média, 102,18 ± 8,75 mg de carboidratos totais por flor). A abelha A. mellifera foi o inseto mais freqüente nas flores de café, coletando, principalmente, néctar no decorrer do dia. A perda de botões florais causada pelas chuvas foi, em média, 26,50 ± 11,70%. O tempo para a formação do fruto foi 6 meses e o número de frutos decorrentes do tratamento descoberto foi maior (38,79% e 168,38%, em 1993 e 1994, respectivamente) que do tratamento coberto. Apesar da eficiência do produto Bee-HereR ser afetada pelas condições climáticas, ele pode ser usado para atrair as abelhas A. mellifera na cultura. | The present experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, to study the frequency and behaviour of insects with respect coffee (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo) flowers, the effect insects on fruit production, forage types of more frequent bees and the effectiveness of Bee-HereR (Hoescht Shering Agrevo do Brasil Ltda) attractant on honeybee visits. For that the time of development and the amount of soluble sugar of the nectar of the flowers were verified, frequency of the visitations of the insects in elapsing of the day by means of insects number visiting the flowers, to every 60 minutes, of 8:00 at the 17 hours, 10 minutes in every schedule; time (in seconds) and collection type (nectar and/or pollen) ; loss of floral buttons; percentage of flowers that they became fruits; time of formation and number of coffee grains, being observed the fruition percentage in visited flowers or not for the insects. Tests were also accomplished by spraying being used the product Bee-Here, diluted in syrup and in water in different schedules. The flower lasted on the average about 3 days from its opening to the withering. The amount of soluble sugar of the nectar presented significant difference among the schedules, being larger at the 8 hours (on the average, 102.18 ± 8,75 mg of glucose for flower). The most frequent insect to visit the coffee flowers was the africanized honey bees, collecting mainly nectar during the day. The number of fruits in the uncovered treatment was 38,79% and 168,38% higher in 1993 and 1994, respectively, than the covered ones. In spite of the efficiency of the product Bee-HereR to be affected by climatic conditions, it can be used to attract honeybees in coffee orchards.

This experiment, accomplished in the area of Jaboticabal (SP), it used a peach culture (Prunus persica L.), during yours bloomed with the purpose of verifying the insects visitors performance in the flowers in the production of fruits. The medium concentration of sugar in the nectar and the medium amount produced a day of nectar it is of 27,9% and of 3,2 mg, respectively. The medium weight of the anthers for flower was of 1,59 mg. The honeybee Apis mellifera (73%) it was the principal insect visitor followed by the Trigona spinipes (17%) and Xylocopa sp (4%). The presence of hummingbird was observed (6%), collecting nectar. The maximum frequency of the bees A. mellifera, for nectar collection and pollen, happened the 12 hours. The number of resulting fruits of the treatment in that the flowers received the visits it was 14% larger than in the treatment in the flowers were not visited. Of the total of fruits picked in the covered treatment (without visits), 82% came perfect, with good formation and symmetry. In the discovered treatment, 90,2% came with good formation, having difference statistics among the two treatments. | Este experimento, realizado na região de Jaboticabal (SP), utilizou uma cultura de pêssego (Prunus persica L.), durante a sua florada com a finalidade de verificar a atuação dos insetos visitantes nas flores na produção de frutos. A concentração média de açucares no néctar e a quantidade média produzida por dia de néctar é de 27,9% e de 3,2 mg, respectivamente. O peso médio das anteras por flor foi de 1,59 mg. A abelha Apis mellifera (73%) foi o principal inseto visitante seguida da Trigona spinipes (17%) e Xylocopa sp (4%). Observou-se a presença de beija-flores (6%), coletando néctar. A freqüência máxima das abelhas A. mellifera, para coleta de néctar e pólen, ocorreu as 12 horas. O número de frutos resultantes do tratamento em que as flores recebiam as visitas foi 14% maior que no tratamento em as flores não eram visitadas. Do total de frutos colhidos no tratamento coberto (sem visitas), 82% apresentaram-se perfeitos, com boa formação e simetria. No tratamento descoberto, 90,2% apresentaram-se com boa formação, havendo diferença estatística entre os dois tratamentos.