Fatty liver is considered a serious problem in broilers as liver is the main organ involved in metabolism of all absorbed substances. In addition, fatty liver has a direct impact on the growth and performance of the chicken. One of the modern approach in controlling metabolic upset, is the use of probiotics, prebiotics in controlling this problems. Here we tried to summarize the protective role of some probiotics, prebiotics and other natural lipotropic factors and their mode of action against hperlipidemia and fatty liver in broilers.

The present work was performed to study the effect of chromium piclonate and ⁄ or ascorbic acid supplementation on the performance of growing kids during hot summer season (33.6oC and 74.2% RH). A total number of twenty four weaned commercial kids were randomly distributed into four treatment groups of 6 kids per each Kids in all treatments were equal in number and had nearly similar initial body weight. The first group was fed the basal diet and served as control (0.0 supplementation), while the other three groups were fed diets supplemented with 75 mg/kg diet chromium piclonate, 800 mg/ kg diet ascorbic acid and 75 mg / kg diet chromium piclonate + 800 mg ascorbic acid, respectively. The results obtained for growing Kids showed that the final live body weight and daily body gain were increased significantly (P < 0.05 or 0.01) during 210 and 270 days for Kids fed diets supplemented with chromium piclonate, ascorbic acid and chromium piclonate + ascorbic acid. However, the supplementation of chromium piclonate + ascorbic acid seemed to be the best significant performance. The results obtained for growing Kids showed that the daily feed intake, feed conversion, water ⁄ feed intake ratio, water ⁄ daily gain ratio were increased significantly (P < 0.05 or 0.01) during the experimental periods for Kids fed diets supplemented with chromium piclonate, ascorbic acid and chromium piclonate + ascorbic acid. The Results showed that water intake, rectum temperature and respiration rate were not significantly affected by previous treatments. The best margin was obtained in group fed on the diet supplemented with chromium piclonate + ascorbic acid. All carcass traits were increased insignificantly due to dietary chromium piclonate and ⁄or ascorbic acid supplementation. Serum total proteins were increased significantly (P < 0.05), in group three only while the cholesterol level and triglycerides decreased significantly (P<0.05) in Kids treated with chromium piclonate as compared with the control group under summer heat stress conditions. Serum albumin, globulin, urea-, creatinine, AST, WBCs, RBCs MCV, MCH and Hb content were insignificantly affected by chromium piclonate and ⁄or ascorbic acid supplementation to the kids’ diets. Finally, it could be concluded that supplementation of 75 mg chromium piclonate + 800 mg ascorbic acid / kg diet to the kid diets is necessary to improve the productivity, under the summer conditions

The effect of 10 times (10x) overdose of enrofloxacin was studied in broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty chicks were classified in 3 equal groups. The first group received normal theurapeutic dose of enrofloxacin (1x) in drinking water for the first 5 consecutive days of age and repeated again at 24th -28th day of age. The second group received 10x (overdose) at the same ages. The third group was left non-medicated as a control group. Blood samples were taken on the 6th, 14th, 29th and 34th day of age for different laboratory tests. Enrofloxacin at 10x caused a decrease in the value of the following parameters: HI antibody titers to NDV vaccine at the 14th and the 34th day of age, serum albumin at the 10th day of age, hemoglobin at the 29th and the 34th day, lymphocytic count and IBDV ELISA titers at 29th day of age, uric acid at 29th day, phagocytic activity at 34th day, Lactobacillus spp. count in duodenum, feed conversion efficiency and body weight gain. The 10x (overdose) increased serum urea and creatinine at 29th day of age, serum AST and ALT at 29th and 34th day of age, and heterophilic count. Histopathological degeneration in liver, spleen, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius and thymus were demonstrated by 10x (overdose) of enrofloxacin. Challenge with vNDV caused 66.6% mortality in birds received the 10x (overdose) compared with 33.3% in the vaccinated non treated control group.

Nutritional and physiologic effects of clinically apparent and subclinical Ostertagia ostertagi infections were studied in 3 groups of 5 calves each. Group-1 calves were inoculated with 100,000 Ostertagia ostertagi third-stage larvae (L3)/calf/wk for 14 weeks. Group-2 calves were inoculated with 10,000 L3/calf/wk for 14 weeks, and group-3 calves were not inoculated. Calves in group 1 had decreased dry matter intake and feed utilization from 4 weeks after initial inoculation. Group-2 calves had no changes in dry matter intake, but had decreased feed utilization at 12 and 14 weeks. Calves with clinically apparent infections (group 1) lost a mean weight of 11.8 kg, whereas calves with subclinical infections (group 2) lost a mean of 46.6 kg, and control calves lost a mean of 60.7 kg. Calves with O. ostertagi infections (groups 1 and 2) also had decreased carcass quality at slaughtering, which was reflected in decreased dressing weights and increased water-holding capacity of the rib-eye muscle. Calves in groups 1 and 2 also had lower carcass yield and rib-eye muscle weight, and group-1 calves had decreased protein content. Results of hematologic, pathologic, parasitologic, and clinical examinations mirrored nutritional changes.

The susceptibility of the most common bacterial pathogens, namely E. coli, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeroginosa which were isolated from egg incubators and yolk sacs of randomly selected one day old Fayoumy chicks to three selected cephalosporins (cephradine, ceftiofur and cefquinome) were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the tested drugs and the effect of these antibiotics on the body weight gain, mortality and immune response against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine of the same bread of chicks were also estimated. The tested organisms were sensitive to ceftiofur and cefquinome whereas E.coli and ps. aeroginosa were found to be resistant to cephradine. The results showed that mortalities were higher in control and cephradine treated groups, while it was lower in the ceftiofur and cefquinome treated groups. On the other hand, the lowest mean body weight was recorded in control group (155.7±6.55 gm) followed by ceftiofur treated group (162.5±2.06 gm) and the highest mean body weight was recorded in cefquinome treated group (183.5±1.66 gm, p < 0.01) at 30 days of age. The study revealed that the tested antibiotics not exert any immune suppressive effect against (ND) vaccine.

Effects of dietary ochratoxin A (OA) and T-2 toxin, fed singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred pigs. Thirty-six barrows (3 replicates of 3 for each of 4 treatment groups, mean body weight, 18.0 kg) were fed: 0 mg of OA and 0 mg of T-2/kg of feed (control); 2.5 mg of OA/kg of feed; 8.0 mg of T-2/kg of feed; or 2.5 mg of OA plus 8.0 mg of T-2/kg of feed for 30 days. Production performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, immunologic, and pathologic evaluations were made. Body weight and body weight gain were decreased by all toxin treatments, but the combination toxin treatment reduced weight gain more than did either of the toxins administered singly and could be considered additive. Liver weight was decreased by combination treatment, whereas kidney weight was increased by OA treatment. Ochratoxin decreased serum cholesterol, inorganic phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase values; reduced mean cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, and macrophage phagocytosis; and increased creatinine and total protein values. Consumption of T-2 toxin reduced hemoglobin and serum alkaline phosphatase values. The combination treatment decreased serum cholesterol, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, mean cell volume, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values, as well as lymphoblastogenesis and phagocytosis, and increased serum nine concentration. We concluded that OA and T-2, singly or in combination, can affect clinical performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, and immunologic values, and organ weights of growing barrows. Although some analytes were affected more by the combination than by either toxin alone, the interactions could best be described as additive, not synergistic.

The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on blood flow properties in horses were investigated. Hematologic and rheologic changes were examined in 4 horses before and 3 minutes after administration of epinephrine (1 mg, IV). The next day, hemorheologic changes were determined before and 3 hours after administration of furosemide (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM), and after administration of epinephrine at the sampling at 3 hours. Hematologic and rheologic changes were evaluated weekly in 3 horses given pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg, q 12 h, PO) for 28 days. In addition, hemorheologic responses to epinephrine were determined on days 0, 14, and 28 of pentoxifylline treatment. Neutrophil filtration studies were also performed 2 hours after IV administration of pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg). Postepinephrine values for PCV, RBC and WBC counts, and blood viscosity were greater than preepinephrine values. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates decreased after epinephrine, whereas RBC filterability did not change. Treatment with furosemide was associated with increases in mean RBC hemoglobin concentration and blood viscosity. Filterability of RBC did not change. Treatment with pentoxifylline resulted in an increase in RBC filterability and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a decrease in PCV; however, mean values for hematocrit and RBC count did not change. Treatment with pentoxifylline did not result in a change in resting blood viscosity, but markedly reduced the postepinephrine increase in blood viscosity. Neither IV nor orally administered pentoxifylline had an effect on neutrophil filtration. It was concluded that pentoxifylline has beneficial effects on RBC filterability and postepinephrine changes in blood viscosity, which may contribute to improvements of microcirculatory blood flow. In addition, furosemide may exacerbate exercise-associated hyperviscosity in horses.