Pathophysiologic effects of Ostertagia ostertagi infection and their prevention by strategic anthelmintic treatments were studied in 3 groups each of 6 steer calves. Group-1 calves were noninfected controls. Group-2 calves were inoculated with 100,000 third-stage larvae on the 1st and 28th days of the experiment and grazed on pasture initially free of contamination. Group-3 calves were on a similar regimen as those in group 2, but were also treated with ivermectin 9 days after each larval inoculation. Group-2 calves had increased plasma pepsinogen and gastrin values and decreased weight gains, and total serum protein and albumin concentrations from the 2nd week of infection onward. They were anemic at 10 to 12 weeks and had lower carcass and meat quality at slaughter. Strategic anthelmintic treatments were effective in preventing these effects and calves in groups 1 and 3 had similar performances. On the basis of our findings, high pepsinogen values were related to worm burdens, whereas high gastrin concentrations were related to gastric lesions.

Biopsy were taken from 50 patients in order to cultivate Helicobacter pylori and blood samples to detect anemia , differential white blood eellcount and blood groups . The results showed that anemia was found in 48% of the patients while lymphocyte elevated in 44% of them , blood group 0 had the higher percentage ( 42% ) in those patients among the other blood group types" . ' . _ _ INTRODUCTION - Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative microorganism that secretes many substances including ammoina , mucolytic enzymes ( adhesins , catalase and urease ) and acid secrete inhibitory proteins.(8) In addition to that it secrets toxin like vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA).(7). - — Adhesin allows the organism to adhere , catalase might protect the organisum from the immune system , urease increase the secretion of gastrin which stimulate the intestinal‘ tissues to grow faster , and so could result in increased cancer risk .Urease is reponsible for hydrolyzing urea to NH3 and CO2, and acts as also protective by forming an alkalin environment around the organism . The combination of NH3 ,_Co2 and inhibitory proteins allows the bacteria to setup locallized pockets where it can neutralize even the acidity of ' blood type 0 stomachs The genetics of the secretor and non —-secretor system interact to alter an individuals risk for ulcer. In several studies , non—secretors of ABO substances have been found to have significantly higher rate ofduodenal and peplic ulcer .( 8) fl._ pylori infection increases the percentage of peripheral lymphocytes above the upper limit of referential.values .(l0)e ' ‘ Recent evidence suggests that fl_. pylori infection could cause iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ).(2). Adolescent femal athletes may have development of [_{_.__pylori associated ( IDA ) which can be managed by Q pylori eradication (5 ) . H. pylori may have a role in causing IDA in school-age children (3 )