The aim of the present study was to determine the acute and subacute potential of trichlorfon in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We first defined the 24h median tolerance limit (TLm∧24h) of the fish to trichlorfon. Guppies were then treated with TLm∧24h and 1/10 TLm∧24h trichlorfon concentrations to evaluate of any histological alterations occurred. The TLm∧24h value of trichlorfon was 11 ppm. This concentration resulted in acute toxicity to the gills and kidneys with edema, hyperplasia of the gill lamellae, and vacuolated degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular cells. In the case of subacute toxicity using a 10-fold dilution of the TLm∧24h value (1.1 ppm), no behavioral changes, external lesions or histopathological changes were observed. Therefore, safe concentration of trichlorfon might be 1.1 ppm in guppy for controlling parasitic infections.

The level of antibody by ELISA,immunsosuppressive effect baes on the response of birds to Newcastle disease vaccination and damage to bursa of Fabricius by IBD vaccination were studied. The efficacy of six different IBD vaccination schedules were studied using intermediate and intermediate plus strains of vaccines either alone or in combination. In vaccinated groups, the sero-conversion of the vaccine virus was noticed during fourth week, reaching to the peak between eight to twelve weeks of age in different groups. Afterwards, there was a gradual decrease in the titres, by the end of 20th week (maximum period tested). There was no significant difference in the titres of different treatment groups. However, all the groups showed titres above protective level during the entire period of study. There was significant difference in bursa body weight (B-BW) ratios of vaccinated groups in comparison with control group. Histopathological studies of bursal sections revealed depletion of lymphoid follicles, presence of cystic spaces, edema and hemorrhages. The birds vaccinated with hot strain of IBD vaccine showed metaplastic changes, presence of foam cells with pronounced interfollicular fibrosis. The bursal scores were maximum in the groups vaccinated with hot strains of IBD vaccines.