Enterococci are widespread, being part of the bacterial flora of humans and animals. The food chain can be therefore considered as the main route of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria between the animal and human populations. Milk in particular represents a source from which resistant bacteria can enter the human food chain. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence and resistance to antimicrobial agents of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from raw goat’s milk samples.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) approach for determination of a rational dosage of ampicillin (AMP) and depletion of the antibiotic residues in milk after intramammary administration to cows.

Fifty raw ewe’s and goat’s milk samples (25 of each) were examined for total viable, psychrotrophic count and the presence of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. The obtained results revealed that the mean total bacterial counts/ml were 1.9 x103 and 1.4 x103 in the examined samples, respectively. Psychrotrophic bacteria could be detected in all examined samples (100.0 %) with mean values of 7.8 x10 and 6.3 x10/mL, respectively. Staphylococci, Enterococci, and E. coli , were detected in (52.0 & 84.0 %), (44.0 & 36.0 %) and (36.0 & 44.0 %) of the examined samples with mean values/ml of (7.2 x10 & 6.1 x10), (2.5 x10 & 2.4 x10) and (3.0 x10 & 2.1x10), respectively. The predominant isolated bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and E. coli, at percentages of (24.3 & 19.2 %), (16.2 & 32.7 %), (10.8 & 13.5 %), (19.0 & 17.3 %) and (29.7 & 17.3 %) of total isolates, respectively. On the other hand, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter jejuni, Corynebacterium bovis and Salmonellae failed to be detected in all examined samples. The sanitary and public health importance of these organisms as well as preventive measures to improve the quality of milk and safeguard the consumers from infection were discussed.

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on udder health. However, any expectation of milk production from healthy animals should consider the possible impact of viral infections in mastitis development and not underestimate the importance of actions to diagnose and control the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the association of diagnosis and control of viral diseases and their effect on bovine udder health.

Considerable difficulties are associated with the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from food particularly milk and milk products. Most methods are time consuming require enrichment steps and are unable to differentiate pathogenic isolates from non pathogenic ones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in milk by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional culturing methods. Fifty milk samples were collected from Shami goats in North Sinai governorate. Two primers (DG26 and DG63) were used in PCR and the size of the PCR-product was 440bp. The results obtained by PCR technique were in good agreement with that obtained by conventional culturing method. Five samples (10%) were positive by PCR while 4 samples were positive by conventional culturing method. Interestingly, PCR results are obtained within few hours. Moreover, it solved the problem of interpretation of classical biochemical and serological typing in one step without necessity of using additional examinations. This makes diagnosis in food control laboratories much faster and more efficient.

Objective: In recent years, lead (Pb) has arisen as a foremost contaminant due to overpopulation, rapid industrialization, and expansion that could contaminate the human food chain. However, the correlation between the environmental contamination of Pb and its spatial transfer to the dairy products is still unmapped. In this paper, we intend to evaluate the concentration of environ¬mental Pb and its spatial distribution in dairy feed and products in Narayangonj, a highly polluted district of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 125 samples of soil, water, forage, and milk were collected from five upazilas (Narayangonj Sadar, Bondor, Rupgonj, Araihazar, and Sonargoan) of Narayangonj. The samples were digested by acid digestion, and Pb was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The bioconcentration factor of the samples was also calculated. Results: In this study, 25% of the soil, 20% of the water, 5% of the forage, and 2% of the milk samples contained Pb at a variable level. Among the environmental samples, the highest concen¬tration (2639 μg/kg) of Pb was detected in the soil, followed by in the water (0.0230.059 μg/ kg) and forage (0.0170.035 μg/kg). The contamination (0.0410.068 μg/kg) in the milk, however, was lower than the soil but higher than the water and forage. The concentration of Pb in all the samples was within a safer limit. None of the forage samples was the potential bioaccumulator. Conclusion: Although no linear correlation was established between the environmental samples, forage, and milk, the study identifies the potentials of the spatial distribution of Pb from the environment to the dairy feed and products. Therefore, feasible procedures should be adapted to cease the residue to the human food chain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 621-625]

Objective: To analyze the presence of selective antibiotic residues (oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin) in milk during the antibiotic treatment course, and to evaluate the thermal effect on antibiotics residual status in milk of antibiotic-treated cows. Materials and Methods: The raw fresh milk was collected from 18 lactating cows before antibiotics treatment, which were brought to the veterinary hospital and suffered from either mastitis, foot and mouth disease, fever, local wound, or non-specific diarrhea, and so on. Out of the 18 lactating cows, six were treated with oxytetracycline, six were treated with amoxicillin, and six were treated with ciprofloxacin parenterally. Milk samples were also collected at 2nd day during treatment and final collection was done after maintaining the withdrawal period. Since milk is heated before con¬sumption, it was boiled at 100°C for 20 min to evaluate the thermal effect on antibiotics residual status. Thin-layer chromatography was done for screening of antibiotics residue before and after boiling of the milk. Results: At day 0 (before antibiotic treatment), no antibiotics (oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin) residue was detected in raw milk of antibiotic treated cows. In contrast, on day 2 (during antibiotic treatment), 100% raw milk samples showed positive for antibiotics residue. After boiling, all milk samples showed positive for such specific antibiotics residue. On the other hand, no antibiotics residues were detected on day 9, which indicates the completion of the withdrawal period of the respective antibiotic. The intensities of bands for antibiotic on thin-layer chromatography plate of antibiotic residues in milk samples (oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin) expressed that the respective antibiotic residual status was higher in the boiled milk compare to the raw milk. Conclusion: Proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment would mini¬mize the risk of antibiotic residues in milk, and boiling does not change these specific antibiotics residual status in milk. Therefore, awareness regarding the proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment in lactating cows is one of the best strategies that may positively reduce the risk of antimicrobial drugs residue in milk. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 516-520]

Objective: The present study aimed to assess for the first time, in Medina, the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ruminants due to its potential zoonotic importance. Materials and methods: A total of 823 sera samples and 364 milk samples were used to deter¬mine the incidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) using the indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: The seroprevalence of MAP was 11.1% in sheep and 13.8% in goats, while no infection was recorded among camels. MAP infection was not influenced by the animals gender, but it was influenced by its locality since the infection rate in local animals was higher than that in imported ones with a significant correlation (p < 0.05). MAP infection had a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with 2 years aged animals. On the other hand, the detection of MAP in milk revealed that 17 (13.8%) goats and 12 (4.9%) sheep were infected. The prevalence of MAP in milk samples was not influenced by either the animals age or locality. Conclusion: Sheep and goats may act as a reservoir for MAP to the Medina community. Since Medina is an active area of mass gatherings as a destination for pilgrims throughout the year, therefore, necessary control measures should be implemented to lower the economic losses, zoonotic infections, and the possibility of a global epidemic. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 69-76]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from raw milk samples of cattle and buffalo, and to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Materials and methods: A total of 34 milk samples were collected twice from 17 different healthy cattle (n=14) and buffaloes (n=3) at one-month interval, and analyzed in laboratory by staining, cultural and biochemical characteristics followed by polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc gene of S. aureus and 16 S rRNA of E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated bacteria was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Results: Confirmation of the isolates as S. aureus and E. coli were carried out by PCR using nuc gene, 16S rRNA gene specific primers specific for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. A total of 12 samples (35.29%; 11 from cattle, 1 from buffalo) were found to be positive for S. aureus; 5 and 7 during first and second month, respectively. The E. coli were found in three samples (2 from cattle, 1 from buffaloe); one in first month and two in the second month. The antibiotic sensitivity test using 4 commonly used antibiotics indicated that the most of the isolates were resistant to Gatifloxacin and one isolate showed intermediate resistance to Ofloxacin while sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin.Conclusion: Two different species of bacteria i.e., S. aureus and E. coli are contaminating with milk samples. The pathogenic bacteria can be controlled effectively by using Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin in the case of mastitis in cattle and buffaloes in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 62-67]

The rise of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, such Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, in milk poses a severe threat to public health since milk is widely regarded as a complete food and is a staple of the daily diet of people, especially those in Egypt. Beta lactamase with an extended spectrum (ESBL). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of K. pneumoniae and E. coli that produce ESBLs in dairy cattle and milk farms. In this investigation, a total of 150 milk samples were cultured on VBGR, MacConkey, and Hichrome to isolate these bacteria, and antibiotic resistance was evaluated by using the double disc diffusion technique. Subsequently, biochemical and serotyping testing were used to confirm and identify the suspicious microorganisms. Using a PCR test that targets blaCTX-M, ESBL producers were identified. Of the samples tested, 34 (22.7%) tested positive for K. pneumoniae in milk, and 21 (14%), positive for E. coli. Different ETEC serotypes (O128:H2 and O127: H6) and EHEC serotypes (O91: H21 and O26: H11) were found contaminated in milk. Additionally, 21 samples (67.7%) had K. pneumoniae serotype B1 as the prevalent serotype. Most isolates had the β-lactamase blaCTX-M gene, which has become more significant among bacteria that produce ESBL globally. blaCTX-M gene was detected in 65% of E. coli and 80% of K. pneumoniae. Thus, given the trend of farmer-to-consumer direct marketing, raw milk is a possible source of exposure for the consumer—something that is becoming increasingly important. Lastly, calves may potentially acquire ESBL-producing bacteria via waste milk, which would increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the agricultural setting.