Two groups of 4 dogs underwent nasal and ethmoidal turbinectomies followed by irradiation (mean minimal doses of 5,390 and 6,550 cGy of radiation, respectively) from implanted intracavitary sources of iridium 192. Two dogs from each group were euthanatized for histologic evaluation at 3 months after irradiation. The remaining 2 dogs from each group were euthanatized for similar evaluation at 6 months after irradiation. During the course of the study, few clinical complications were encountered. Histologic evaluation of the tissues forming the nasal passages revealed loss of epithelial lining and fibrous tissue replacement of surrounding bone. A direct correlation of pathologic changes could not be associated with the amount of radiation received, but there seemed to be a tendency for greater change in those dogs given higher doses and those kept alive for 6 months.

A cross-sectional study to determine individual animal prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) was conducted on 1171 dairy cattle in 12 randomly selected dairy farms in Ethiopia between January 1999 and May 2001 using comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIT) test and bacteriologic study through milk culturing. An overall individual animal prevalence of 46.8% (548 of 1171 animals) and a herd prevalence of 91.7% (11 of 12 farms) were recorded in 12 dairy farms by the CIT test. There were significant (P <0.0001) differences in individual prevalence between farms and breeds (pure Holstein and their crosses with Zebu). There was positive correlation (r = 0.41) between herd size and prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. Furthermore, a negative linear association (R2 = 0.24) was found between mean score of management of the farm and prevalence, indicating that the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis could be improved by sanitary measures. Breed and management affected the prevalence of BTB (R2 = 0.30) as confounding variables. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the milk of 13.3% (4 of 30) reactor cows. The widespread occurrence of BTB in the study farms and isolation of M. bovis from the milk of reactor cows signify its economic importance and potential risk to public health. Generalization and improved use of milk pasteurization within all dairy subsectors is recommended, and this would affect the competitiveness of the dairy sector in Ethiopia.

This study sought to determine if sheep suffer neurological symptoms when fed Acacia angustissima leaves, and whether an equivalent amount of 70% acetone extract would have the same effect. In addition, the study tried to determine if treatment of leaves with 70% acetone would destroy the activity of A. angustissima toxins, and whether extraction with 70% aqueous acetone extract would separate two components of a toxic system. Twenty-five Menz lambs were randomly assigned to one of five treatments (1) A angustissima leaves as half the diet, 2) dried extract (70% aqueous acetone) of the same quantity of leaves, 3) a corresponding amount of residues, 4) a recombination of the dried extract and dried residue, or (5) a control diet containing no A angustissima leaves or extract fractions. All animals fed the leaves and the recombined fractions died or were euthanized when they were observed to be dying of severe neurological derangement. None of the other animals showed any neurological signs of impairement. The results of this study indicate that healthy, well-fed sheep can be poisoned by A angustissima, that the toxins are not destroyed by acetone or oven drying, and that severe neurological intoxication requires two components, which can be separated by acetone extraction.

A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2001 and April 2002 on 94 households and 763 (188 indigenous and 575 crossbred) cattle to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and assess its public health implications in smallholder farms in Wuchale-Jida District, Central Ethiopia. Cluster sampling, single intradermal tuberculin (SIDT) and comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) tests, a questionnaire, and mycobacteriology were used. Based on the CIDT test, herd and individual animal prevalences of BTB were 42.6% and 7.9%, respectively. The individual animal prevalence was significantly affected by herd size (P<0.01), age (P<0.0001) and body condition (P<0.05). Among the interviewed households, 24.5% (23 of 94) had experienced at least one human tuberculosis case in the family. Of these families, 43.5% (10 of 23) had reactor cattle. Nevertheless, no statistically significant association (P>0.05) was observed between reactor cattle and human tuberculosis cases in households. The habit of milk and meat consumption was affected by occupation (P<0.0001) and location of household residence (P<0.001). Although the level of education influenced the habit of milk consumption (P<0.05), it did not impact the habit of meat consumption (P>0.05). Less than half (38.3%; 36 of 94) of the respondents knew about BTB, and only 30.8% (29/94) of the respondents were conscious of its transmission from cattle to humans. Secondary data analysis from Muka-Turri clinic indicated that 85.6% of the human tuberculosis cases were from rural parts of the district. Although the BTB prevalence seems low, its potential risk to public health was important based on food consumption, poor sanitary measures, and the lack of understanding about its zoonosis.

Derzsy’s disease and Muscovy duck parvovirus disease have become common diseases in waterfowl culture in the world and their potential to cause harm has risen. The causative agents are goose parvovirus (GPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV), which can provoke similar clinical symptoms and high mortality and morbidity rates. In recent years, duck short beak and dwarfism syndrome has been prevalent in the Cherry Valley duck population in eastern China. It is characterised by the physical signs for which it is named. Although the mortality rate is low, it causes stunting and weight loss, which have caused serious economic losses to the waterfowl industry. The virus that causes this disease was named novel goose parvovirus (NGPV). This article summarises the latest research on the genetic relationships of the three parvoviruses, and reviews the aetiology, epidemiology, and necropsy characteristics in infected ducks, in order to facilitate further study.

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) infection causes watery diarrhoea, vomiting, anorexia, and weight loss, especially among neonatal piglets, inflicting on them morbidity and mortality potentially reaching 90%–100%. Despite it being known that certain mammalian cell phases are arrested by PEDV, the mechanisms have not been elucidated, and PEDV pathogenesis is poorly understood. This study determined the effect of an epidemic PEDV strain on cell cycle progression. We observed the effect of the PEDV SHpd/2012 strain on an infected Vero cell cycle through flow cytometry and Western blot, investigating the interrelationships of cell-cycle arrest, the DNA damage–signalling pathway caused by PEDV and the phosphorylation levels of the key molecules Chk.2 and H2A.X involved upstream and downstream in this pathway. PEDV induced Vero cell-cycle arrest at the G1/G0 phase. The phosphorylation levels of Chk.2 and H2A.X increased with the prolongation of PEDV infection, and no significant cell-cycle arrest was observed after treatment with ATM or Chk.2 inhibitors. The proliferation of PEDV was also inhibited by treatment with ATM or Chk.2 inhibitors. PEDV-induced cell-cycle arrest is associated with activation of DNA damage–signalling pathways. Our findings elucidate the molecular basis of PEDV replication and provide evidence to support further evaluation of PEDV pathogenesis.

The study was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution patterns of diseases of goat in Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2018 to December 2018. Materials and Methods: A total of 452 goats were recorded during the study period. The diseases were diagnosed based on clinical signs, patient owners complain and laboratory findings. The prevalence was measured according to season and age of the goats which were studied. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test and P-value was calculated by using SPSS 25 for windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).Results: In this study, 381 (84.29%) goats were found to be diseased from 452 visited goats at Central veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka. The highest prevalence was found with worm infestation (31.42%) followed by PPR (13.72%), miscellaneous (ruminal acidosis, disuria, repeat breeding) (12.16%), pneumonia (10.18%), dermatitis (4.20%), enteritis (3.76%), urolithiasis (3.09%), bloat (2.65%), mastitis (1.55%), tetanus (1.11%) and protozoal diseases (0.44%). Rainy season represented the highest (86.11%) prevalence of goat diseases followed by winter season (82.85%) and summer season (82.44%). PPR was significantly (p<0.05) more prevalent in winter season than other two seasons. In this study, Goats had significantly higher (p<0.01) prevalence of worm infestation in the summer season (29.00%) and the rainy season (39.35%) and in all three (0-12 months, 13-24 months and >24 months) age groups with 21.64%, 45.06%, and 32.20% respectively. Prevalence of mastitis was lowest in 0-12 months (0.43%) and 13-24 months (0.62%) age group but the prevalence of tetanus was lowest in above 24 months (1.69%) age group.These findings will help to know about age-wise and season wise variation of different diseases of goat in this area and will help to execute proper preventive measures against those diseases.

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in different breed of goats based on age, sex, seasonal variation and vaccination status at Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Pirojpur Sadar, Bangladesh during the period from January 2015 to December 2015. A total of 319 cases of different breed of goats were recorded in which 43 (13.48%) were infected by Peste des Petits Ruminants. The diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants was performed based on clinical history, clinical signs and some laboratory techniques. The major clinical signs were high fever, nasal discharge, rapid breathing, mouth lesions and bloody diarrhea.The prevalence was highest in Black Bengal goat (6.90%) compare to Jamunapari (3.76%) and crossbreds (2.82%). Female goats were more susceptible (60.47%) than the male goats (39.53%). 5 months to 11 months aged goats showed highest prevalence (48.84%) followed by 1 to 3 years aged goats (27.91%) and 0 to 4 months aged goats (23.26%). In winter season, the prevalence was highest (55.81%) compare to summer (25.58%) and rainy season (18.60%). The non-vaccinated goats were more susceptible (90.91%) than the vaccinated goats (9.09%).Those prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in different breed of goats based on age, sex, seasons and vaccination will help clinician to know the occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in this area and will help them to take proper preventive measures.

A total of 65 Pasteurella multocida were isolated and identified from various animal’s samples received by Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) during the period of 2014 to 2016. These animals comprises of cattle, goat, pig, chicken, duck and rabbit. The serogroup of Pasteurella multocida were carried out using designation system of Carter’s capsular typing and molecular serogrouping method. Based on cases submitted to VRI, the prevalence of pasteurellosis in Malaysia ranging from 1.0% to 3.2% (2014 to 2016). It is low compared to previous reports and the pattern of predominant serogroups and animal hosts were found to be changing every year. In 2014, 80% (12/15) of the isolates were Pasteurella multocida Carter’s type D where all were isolated from goats. In 2015, the predominant serogroup changed to Pasteurella multocida Carter’s type A with a prevalence rate of 40.6% (13/32) which were mostly isolated from duck and cattle. While for Pasteurella multocida Carter’s type D, the prevalence in 2015 reduced to 21.9% (7/32) compared to the previous year and it was isolated from various animal species. Interestingly, in 2015 there was one isolate of Pasteurella multocida Carter’s type B isolated from goat with no reported history of outbreak. In 2016, the prevalence of Pasteurella multocida Carter’s type A increased to 72.2% (13/18), with a high percentage (92.3%) infection in young calves showing clinical signs with high mortality and morbidity in infected farms. Furthermore, during these 3 years of study, 3 isolates of Pasteurella multocida serogroup F were also identified each from pig, goat and chicken, respectively. In conclusion, this study revealed that pasteurellosis had become sporadic in Malaysia and the distribution of serogroups were diverse in all species of animal with no definitive host.

Objective—To evaluate the long-term protective immunity of a cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3) vaccine in naïve koi (Cyprinus carpio koi). Animals—72 koi. Procedures—Vaccinated koi (n = 36) and unvaccinated control koi (36) were challenge exposed to a wild-type CyHV3 strain (KHVp8 F98-50) 13 months after vaccination. Results—The CyHV3 vaccine provided substantial protective immunity against challenge exposure. The proportional mortality rate was less in vaccinated koi (13/36 [36%]) than in unvaccinated koi (36/36 [100%]). For koi that died during the experiment, mean survival time was significantly greater in vaccinated than in unvaccinated fish (17 vs 10 days). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The CyHV3 vaccine provided substantial protective immunity against challenge exposure with CyHV3 13 months after vaccination. This provided evidence that koi can be vaccinated annually with the CyHV3 vaccine to significantly reduce mortality and morbidity rates associated with CyHV3 infection.