This study describes thoracic radiographic features of normal premature minipigs at the age of 4, 8, 12 and 20 weeks. The evaluation for appearance, shape, contour, location and extent of distribution of thoracic organs was recorded through right lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs. The size of the tracheal diameter, cranial mediastinum, and the heart were measured, and information about the correlation of each organ in their thoracic conformation could be obtained. Although there were limitations with plain thoracic radiographs, basic characteristics and data for thoracic radiographs of normal premature minipigs according to each age were useful.

The organizational aspects of reproduction in a swine heard were featured, the productivity indices of the crossbred sows obtained through the crisscrossing of the Belarusian Large White, Belarusian Black and White and Estonian Bacon pig breeds were given. The duration of the gestation period for the sows of different origin was shown. The results of the realized experiment showed that at all stages of reproduction there was required the full-value feeding and the maintenance of animals, observance of terms of revealing of sexual hunting and timely insemination of sow. For the systematic increase of swine productivity for selection of replacement pigs for reproduction besides the standard indicators it was necessary to consider the duration of gestation period. In course of study there was stated the well-defined consistent pattern of increasing of pig average weight which were born from sows with the lengthened gestation period. Piglets with the standard and extended term of prenatal growth showed higher indices of body weight at a birth and surpassed their herd mates with the shortened duration of prenatal development on 8,6-10,5% (Р less 0,001). Heavy litter of pigs affected the intensity of their subsequent development. At the weaning stage the weight of 1 pig with the shortened prenatal development was 6,25 kg, and the weight of pigs with the standard and extended periods - 6,62 kg (Р less 0,001) and 6,89 kg (Р less 0,001), respectively and exceeded on 5,9% and 10,2%. The 3-month age pigs with the shortened prenatal development lag behind herd mates with the standard and extended period of prenatal development in the indices of growing capacity on 1,2-1,4 kg (4,0-4,6%). The same tendency was noted after fattening period

In the process of monogastric animal feeding, including pigs, the special role is played by the quality of coarse grain crops as they compose 70-75% of swine ration structure. Determination of fodder productive effect on fattening swine was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. The basis of the analyzed fodder was formed by fodder grain of extra fine grade. Research results showed the following: inclusion of extra fine grade barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) (chosen in accordance with the standard of the Republic of Belarus) into all-in-one mixed fodders SK-26 and SK-31 for fattening swine made it possible to obtain higher productive capacity of the experimental animals in comparison with the identical mixed fodders containing barley and wheat of other grades (chosen in accordance with All-Union State Standard 28672-90); in the experimental groups the average daily weight gain in course of the fattening period was on 34 grams higher, and the average selling weight of 1 head - on 4,1 kg than in the control group. Swine which were fed with the presented mixed fodders with grain extra fine grade showed fewer deviations from the rated value of metabolism (blood serum protein and its fractions, calcium, phosphorus, acid capacity) in comparison with the control groups

Research of possibility of application of sapropel (putrid mud) of the Chervonnoe lake (the Republic of Belarus) in diets of bred and milking sows as one of the ingredients of mixed fodders, as well as the evaluation of its influence of sow development and digestibility of nutritive elements were studied. Application of dry sapropel a source of energy, protein, mineral and vitamin nutritive elements for mixed fodder production rendered the positive influence on sows productive qualities: there was stated the increased number of born piglets on o,5 heads with a higher growing capacity; there was noted the increasing of coefficients of nutritive elements metabolism (crude protein – on 2,7%, crude fat – on 2,9%, free-nitrogen extracts – on 1,3%, and dietary fibre – jn 4,7%) with the simultaneous increasing of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous uptake by sows. Nutritional value of the analysed sapropel was 0,23 fodder units and 3,13 MJ of exchange energy per 1 kg of dry matter. Inclusion of 3% sapropel into mixed fodders for pregnant and suckling sows promoted the increasing of quantity of pigs at a birth, body weight of one pig to 3-week age and has ensured young growth with higher energy of growth. Use of sapropel in mixed fodders for sows makes active a metabolism and promotes increase of digestibility of the basic nutrients of a rations

Comparative evaluation of the influence of cell-free probiotic preparation Laktimet and cellular probiotic Bifilak on productivity, livability, nonspecific response of suckling piglets in the early extrauterine life was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus.Application of both probiotics increased the productivity of suckling pigs, stimulated the processes of metabolism and natural protection of organism in the early postnatal period in the conditions of specialized pig breeding complexes. Research results showed, that application of brand new cell-free probiotic Laktimet exercised higher influence on suckling pigs. Application of Laktimet made it possibler to increase piglets body weight gain on 7,8%; piglet livability - on 6,7%; and application cellular probiotic preparation Bifilak - on 5,4% and 3,3%, respectively. The same tendency was noted during the analysis of indexes of cellular factors of organism protection. Bactericidal activity of blood serum of experimental animals changed both in connection with age, and under influence of probiotic preparations. During all studied periods the bactericidal activity of blood serum was authentically (P less than 0,05) above in experimental groups in comparison with a control group. At 20-days old piglets there was stated the strengthening of bactericidal activity of blood serum. Throughout all period of experiment the superiority of trial animals over control on indicators of lysozyme activity of blood serum was observed

The data on an inactivation scheme for the agent of porcine pasteurellosis, development of the inactivated vaccine and ratio of the antigen and adjuvant are presented. As a result of the realized research it has been established, that for Pasteurella inactivation it is necessary to use formalin in concentration of 0,5% at an exposition at 1 hour. At vaccine producing it is necessary to apply an antigene parity to adjuvant 50:50 as the received vaccine does not concede on all parameters to the vaccine in which a parity of components accordingly 40:60. Thus received vaccine possesses smaller reactogenicity and more adjuvanticity. One of the basic conditions of reception of homogeneous stable emulsion is warming up of water and oil phases to temperature 30 deg С (+/-1 deg С). | Представлены сведения о разработке схемы инактивации возбудителя для изготовления инактивированной вакцины, а также о выборе соотношения антигена и адъюванта. В результате проведенных исследований было установлено, что для инактивации пастерелл следует использовать формалин в концентрации 0,5% при экспозиции в 1 час. При изготовлении вакцины необходимо применять соотношение антигена к адъюванту 50:50, так как полученная вакцина не уступает по всем параметрам вакцине, в которой соотношение компонентов соответственно 40:60. При этом полученная вакцина обладает меньшей реактогенностью и большей иммуногенностью. Одним из основных условий получения однородной стабильной эмульсии является подогревание водной и масляной фаз до температуры 30 deg С (+/-1 deg С).

There was studied the width of distribution and peculiarity of clinical manifestation of mineral exchange diseases at pregnant sows, and also perfection of preventive actions at pathology of mineral metabolism in the conditions of prophylactic medical examination. Results of research have shown, that diseases of mineral metabolism widespread (84,7%) among pregnant sows in the conditions of industrial production, are most extended scarce conditions on Zn (17,7%) and Fe (22,5%). Clinically this insufficiency was expressed by oppression, appetite distortion, occurrence on a skin of specifically red stains correct roundish the form: with the clarified sites in the centre, are registered as abortions at final stages of pregnancy. It is established, that the way of preventive maintenance of hypomicroelementosis of pregnant sows with use of chelated forms of microelements is more preferable than sows, as reduces percent of clinical display of Zn and Fe deficiency, stabilize level of hematological and biochemical indicators of blood more effectively, and also raise industrial indicators of pregnant sows. | Целью работы было изучение широты распространения и особенностей клинического проявления заболеваний минерального обмена у супоросных свиноматок, а также совершенствование профилактических мероприятий при патологии минерального обмена веществ в условиях диспансеризации. Результаты исследований показали, что болезни минерального обмена веществ широко распространены (84,7%) среди супоросных свино¬маток в условиях промышленного производства, наиболее распространены дефицитные состояния по Zn (17,7%) и Fe (22,5%). Клинически эта сочетанная недостаточность выражалась угнетением, залеживанием, понижением и извращением аппетита, появлением на коже специфически красных пятен правильной округлой форма: с просветленными участками в центре, зарегистрированы так же аборты на конечных стадиях супоросности. Установлено, что способ профилактики гипомикроэлементозов супоросных свиноматок с использованием хелатных форм микроэлементов предпочтительнее, поскольку сокращает процент клинического проявления дефицита цинка и железа, эффективнее стабилизируют уровень гематологических и биохимических показателей крови, а также повышают производственные показатели супоросных свиноматок.

Research results on usage of DNA-markers (RYRI, FABP, ESRF18/FUTI) and other factors for industrial pork production were presented. It was determined that DNA-technologies let conduct interbreed crossing on industrial scale and get diverse (fat or meat, with different fat content) products, as well as increase pork production in general. The best variants of crossing combinations were pigs of the Belarus large white breed with Belarus meat and Dyurok, and also the Belarus large white breed with Landras and Dyurok. Research results showed, for in course of the whole period of breeding the daily average weight gain of hybrids of the large white with the Belarus meat and breeds Landras was higher than with the Estonian bacon on 25 and 18 g, respectively. Fattening of stores was finished at the period of achievement of body weight by 100-102,5 kg. The slaughter yield of meat products by groups (without intestinal fat) did not essentially differ and varied within 69,9 - 71,1%. There were noted no considerable distinctions in weight of internals (heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, liver). Thickness of the salted pork fat at hybrids with animals of the Belarus meat breed was 1-2 mm lower than in other. The average meat yield of diverting weir was 61,9%, fat weight - 27,9%, bone weight - 10,2%. The organoleptic evaluation of beef-infusion broth quality showed that indicators of habit, aroma and taste and nourishing were at high level and compose 4,67; 4,59; 4,55 and 4,71 points, respectively. Tenderness, juiciness and taste of boiled meat also were at level 4,69; 4,76 and 4,87 points, respectively; fried meat - 4,57; 4,68 and 4,66 points

For the first time in the Republic of Belarus there were developed the effective methods of marker-dependent selections directed towards increasing the performance traits and preventive measures of pig diseases of the Belarusian Large White breeds. Application of the presented techniques in practice made it possible to increase the multiple fetation of sows on 0,5-1,5 piglets, increase livability of stores on 1,1-5,7%, increase the average daily weight gain on 17g, lower feed expenses on 0,04 FU. In course of the realized studies there was studied the polymorphism of Ryr-1, ESR, E.Coli (ECR F 18) FUT 1 and IGF-2 genes, there was developed the efficient methods of marker-dependent selection. Research results showed that application of methods of molecular gene diagnostics proved to be economically feasible. In the conditions of rather low expenses for testing of boars and sows there was stated the considerable increases in economic efficiency of pork production. Creation of reserve populations with a desired genotype breed will make it possible to accelerate the breed-forming process

The growth and development of replacement gilts of different precocity and age depending on the terms of transition from herd-producer to the market area of a complex was studied in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Animal transfer into new housing conditions affected the early maturing and super early maturing breed pigs of experimental groups. It was determined that moving of replacement pigs into the market area of the complex at the age of 115 days made it possible to obtain higher indices of swine productivity. Fertilization rate of sows of the first experimental group after the first insemination made up 77,6%, that was higher on 6,2% and 9,5% in comparison with the control and the second experimental groups, respectively. The advantage of the first and second experimental groups over the control one was stated in a higher multiple fetation on 0,4 heads and heightened heavy litter indices on 0,1 kg; the quantity of weanling was higher on 0,6 and 0,5 heads, on litter weight at weaning was higher on 7,1 and 3,8 kg, respectively