Stress is commonly used to describe the detrimental effectsof a variety of conditions surrounding animals on their health performance. Environmental stress causes an increasein oxidative stress and an imbalance in antioxidant status. Oxidative damage increases in stressed poultry when the plasma antioxidant vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, E, folic acid, and zinclevels declined. Stress factors in birds involve many elements of the transport processes which may be detrimental to the birds. These factors include alteration in atmospheric temperature, poor handlingby man, removal of feed and water (starvation), high ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). Other factors incude vaccination, disease conditions such as coccidiosis, novelty,confinement, motion, noise, microthermal core within the vehicle and the use of inappropriate vehicles. Live birds of all ages are being transported mainly by roads to their various destinations and across different ecological zones throughout the year. Mortality increaseswith journey length. The adverse effects of these factors and their combinations may range from mild discomfort and aversion to death. This review was aimed at providing comprehensive information on the role of vitamin C in combating stress factors in poultry with the view of exploring its potentials for future research undertaking.Information compiled in this review were obtained from search engines such as Elsevier, Pubmed, Springer, Medline, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and a library search for articles published in peerreviewedjournals. 100 to 200 mg/kg feed of vitamin C is capable of converting stress factors in poultry and thereby improving the productivity.

There is increasing alarm and awareness about the health dangerposed by the arthropod vector causing Onchocerciasis. This study was carried out with the aim to throw more light on the prevalence of the arthropod vector, Simulun damnosum. This research enabled us toproffer preventive advice to government and citizens. In carrying out this study, villages around flowing waters were used as sample sites. The method applied was direct observation, coupled with efficientrecording. Atmospheric temperature readings were periodically taken along with the density of the insect population observed under such temperature. The same was done for relative humidity (%), solar radiation (gm-ca/cm2, lum) and luminescence (cd/m2) in relation to the insect population of available FMH at every given period (fly per man hour). Our findings showed that climate conditions influence the reproductive level and numbers of the vector. The wet season is most conducive for the arthropod vector to reproduce and multiply. The humidity is high and temperature seems to be at the average. It is during this period that greater preventive measures need to beintentionally heightened to subdue the dangerous activities of the vector.