BACKGROUND: Skin is the first line of defense against the external environment and and it is possible to maintain the natural physiological functions in the body. The mucus layer on the surface of the fish body contains anti-microbial combination that provides the first layer of defense against pathogens. The mucus is released by some of the epidermis cells which are called goblet cells and it mostly contains the mucin and other glycoproteins. OBJECTIVES: Histomorphometrical, Histochemical and Electron Microscopic Studies of Goblet Mucous Cells in Different Regions of Argyrosomus Hololepidotus Epidermis. METHODS: In this study, six Argyrosomus hololepidotus are used and the structure of the fish’s skin was studied. For doing this microscopic study, the sampling was done on dorsal Regions of fish with a thickness of 0.5µ then they were stained with H & E, PAS, AB (PH = 2.5) and AB (PH = 2.5)-PAS. For electron microscopic study, the samples after primary and post-fixation were dehydrated and were embedded in resin. Then, thin sections 50 μm were prepared and stained with uranyl acetate. RESULTS: Argyrosomus hololepidotus fish has maximum goblet cells in ventral and dorsal skin and minimum numbers of goblet cells were seen in tail skin in 100 µm length of epidermis. There were goblet mucous cells containing mucous in the Argyrosomus Hololepidotus epidermal that thier numbers were different in difference areas but mucus components were similar in different areas and they reacted positively to PAS and AB dyes with PH = 2.5.The electron microscopic results of this study were showed that goblet cells immigrate in thickness of epidermis and they include mucosal drops. CONCLUSIONS: There are goblet mucus cells in all parts of Argyrosomus Hololepidotus Epidermis and they have similar mucus nature.

BACKGROUND: PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) is a biological product that has shown significant therapeutic results compared to synthetic drugs and some traditional methods. The advantages of this method include: PRP, compared to other biological materials, is easily prepared in clinic and the safety is high as well. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the evaluation of histomorphometric properties after injection of plasma. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided randomly into three groups: control group (normal saline), PRP and PPP (Platelet-Poor Plasma) groups. In order to prepare PRP and PPP, blood samples (1cc) were collected through cardiac puncture and were centrifuged. The upper layer consisted of PPP and lower layer consisted of PRP. The 2% calcium gluconate solution (100 µl) was added to platelet-rich plasma (200 µl) layer to activate platelet. After seven days, the dorsal skin samples were collected. They are cut into 5 to 6 μm thickness sections using paraffin embedding method and were stained by hematoxylin, eosin and Masson’s trichrome. The epidermis, dermis and hypodermis layers of skin, the epithelial thickness of hair root sheath, maximum depth of hair follicles, the thickness of the whole skin, the number of sebaceous glands and hair follicles in the specified scale, finally the number of fibroblast cells and the percent distribution of connective tissue fibers were investigated in histometric structure of the skin and skin appendages. RESULTS: The results of this study indicated that systematic and controlled PRP may have beneficial effects on the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the skin and its appendages. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that growth factors in plasma especially PRP, could be stimulated connective tissue fibroblast of dermal layer in the skin.

Transcutaneous oxygen (PO2.TC) monitoring is commonly used in human medicine for evaluating skin viability. The application of transcutaneous monitoring for evaluating skin viability in dogs was investigated. The changes in PO2-TC values were measured from 16 avascular skin flaps created along the lateral hemithoraces of 4 dogs. Transcutaneous oxygen values were serially recorded from the vascular base and avascular apex of each flap for 12 hours after surgery. A single transcutaneous measurement was obtained from each flap base and apex 24 hours after surgery. Serial arterial blood gas analyses were obtained to compare central oxygen values with PO2-TC values. Full-thickness skin biopsy specimens were harvested from the base and apex of each flap 24 hours after surgery. The flaps were observed for 4 days and then excised for histologic examination. A subjective grading scale was used to assess histologic changes. Throughout the 12-hour period and at 24 hours, a statistically significant difference was found between the PO2-TC values for apices and bases of the flaps. The mean PO2-TC for all bases was 90.9 mm of Hg +/- 3.3 SEM, and the mean PO2-TC for all apices was 21.2 mm of Hg +/- 1.8 SEM. The mean regional perfusion index (apex PO2.TC/base PO2-TC) was 0.23 +/- 0.02. The subjective numbers assigned to the biopsy specimens were statistically evaluated by using a paired Student's t test and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A significant difference was found between the numbers for the collective bases and apices with both tests. A statistically significant difference was found between the numbers for the apex biopsy specimens taken 24 hours after creation of the skin flap and those taken when the flap was excised, whereas no difference was found between the numbers for the base biopsy specimens. On the basis of our findings, PO2-TC monitoring is a useful technique for assessing skin viability in dogs.

A study was undertaken to determine the pressor and toxic effects of etoposide, an antineoplastic agent, when administered IV in 0.9% sodium chloride solution (0.4 mg of etoposide/ml) over a 30-minute period to dogs at a dosage of 40 mg/m2 of body surface. On day 1, 6 adult German Shorthaired Pointers were anesthetized with halothane, and blood pressures were measured via a femoral artery catheter before, during, and after the etoposide was administered. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures of each dog increased significantly (P less than 0.01) within 30 minutes after initiation of etoposide infusion. On day 3, when the dogs were not anesthetized, etoposide was again administered to each dog, using the same dosage. Each dog developed a moderate to severe cutaneous reaction characterized by moderate to severe pruritus, urticaria, and swelling of the head and extremities that began during the second infusion of etoposide. These same cutaneous reactions were seen on day 30, when etoposide was administered to 3 of the previously treated dogs and 2 previously untreated Beagles. We concluded that the administration of the commercial preparation of etoposide is likely to cause a significant reduction in blood pressure of anesthetized dogs, and that the drug is likely to induce a moderate to severe cutaneous reaction when administered to unanesthetized dogs.

The area of skin supplied by the afferent fibers in one cutaneous nerve is called the cutaneous area (CA) for that nerve. The CA of peripheral branches of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves responsive to the stimulation of hair follicle mechanoreceptors were mapped in 27 dogs. The amount of overlap among the CA was similar to that found for other CA of the body. The CA of peripheral branches of the sciatic nerve were restricted to the lateral, cranial, and caudal aspects of the pelvic limb distal to the stifle. The CA of the saphenous nerve was located on the medial side of the limb, except for a small area located on the lateral side of the crus. The distal part of the CA of the saphenous nerve was completely overlapped in the hind paw by branches of the superficial peroneal nerve laterally and the medial plantar branch of the tibial nerve medially. The CA for the deep peroneal nerve was located on the dorsal surface of the webbing between digits 2 and 3 and the adjacent skin of these digits. The CA of the plantar branches of the tibial nerve were small in comparison with the diameter of the nerve, suggesting that these branches contained nerve fibers supplying other, deeper structures in the hindpaw and that damage to these nerves would interfere with cutaneous sensation in only a small region on the plantar surface of the hindpaw. Knowledge of the CA of the various branches of the sciatic nerve allows more accurate localization of injury to the sciatic nerve or its branches by using areas of anesthesia.

Cell proliferation kinetic values were established for the epidermis, hair follicle epithelium, and sebaceous glands of 8 Cocker Spaniels with primary idiopathic seborrhea. Values were established by intradermal pulse labeling injections of tritiated thymidine followed by cutaneous biopsy and autoradiography.The epidermal basal cell-labeling index was 4.96 +/- 0.97%, and the epidermal nucleated cell-labeling index was 3.33 +/- 0.71%. Calculated epidermal cell renewal time for the viable layers of the epidermis was 7.85 +/- 1.80 days. The hair follicle infundibulum basal cell-labeling index was 5.48 +/- 2.01%, and the sebaceous gland basal cell-labeling index was 5.94 +/- 4.15%. When compared with previously reported cell kinetic values for Cocker Spaniels and Beagles with healthy skin, these data indicate accelerated cellular proliferation in all 3 cutaneous structures in seborrheic Cocker Spaniels.

We describe four cases of feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) including three females (one intact, two spayed) and one castrated male cat, with a mean age of 5.95 years at diagnosis. Masses were found under the skin of head, lip, neck, and vulva. Histologically, proliferative round cells had ovoid nuclei, foamy eosinophilic cytoplasm, distinct cytoplasmic processes, and numerous mitotic figures. Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for Iba1 and MHC II (Dako). One case showed cytoplasmic positive staining for E-cadherin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented report of FPH in Korea.

The study aimed to undergo a comprehensive study to provide abroad basic data for thedifferent constituents of the skin of local black goat. To achieve this goal, histological,morphometrical and topographical study was carried out on twelve skin regions taken from twentymale apparently healthy bucks. All samples were collected during the autumn season.Two types ofhair follicles were noticed: large follicles that extend deeply into the dermis; Which representedprimary hair follicles, smaller and shorter but more numerous; called secondary hair follicles. Theprimary hair follicles produce the coarse hair while the secondary hair follicles produce the finehairs. The diameter of the coarse hairs varied in the different skin regions and ranged between(39.98-106.40  m) being larger in the back and lateral surfaces and smaller in the abdomen andmedial surfaces. The diameter of fine hairs ranged between (26.56-39.94  m). The secondary:primary hair follicle ratio varies in the different skin regions and accordingly the fine :coarse hairratio varies as well. The fine: coarse hair ratio was found to be 6.88:1 in the middle back region,5.89:1 in the lateral surface of forelimbs region, 5.86:1 in anterior back region, 5.46:1 in lateralsurface of hind limb, 3.64:1in medial surface of hind limb, 3.32:1 in the skin of theabdomen,3.25:1 in the medial surface of the forelimb, 2.82:1 in the skin of the tail, 2.10:1 in theskin of scrotum, 0.20:1 in the skin of the muzzle, 0.15:1 in the dorsal surface of skin of the ear and0.00:1 in the ventral surface of the skin of the ear. Most of the hair follicles of different regionswere of a compound type in which several secondary hairs share the opening of a primary hairfollicle. In less common circumstances, the secondary follicles open directly on the epidermis butthey remain in a close position to the opening of the accompanied primary follicle. Simple hairfollicles were observed in the ventral surface of the skin of the ear, and in a less extent in thescrotal regions, muzzle region and skin of the dorsal surface of the ear. Hair density varies greatlyin the different skin regions being: 31.68/mm2 in anterior back region, 32.66/mm2 in the middleback region,13.38/mm2 in the abdominal region, 32.76/mm2 in the tail region, 30.30/mm2 in thelateral side of forelimb, 12.50/mm2 in the medial side of the forelimb, 11.52/mm2 in the scrotalregion, 31.12/mm2 in the lateral side of hind limbs, 16.44/mm2 in the medial side of hind limbs,22.22/mm2 in the muzzle region, 9.62/mm2 in the skin of the dorsal surface of the ear and2.92/mm2 in the skin of the ventral surface of the ear.