The sensory quality attributes of coated and uncoated beef burger patties formulated with texture soy granules or vegetables (peas and carrots) were studied in comparison to that of the control ones. Incorporation of textured soy granules significantly reduced the color, marbling, appearance, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, taste and overall acceptability in comparison with either control or vegetable extended burger. Addition of peas and carrots to uncoated burger significantly reduced the binding scores in raw samples, as well as flavor and juiciness in cooked samples, however, no significant differences could be observed in the other sensory attributes in both raw and cooked products. Vegetable extended burger had the highest cooking loss percent (20.14), followed by control samples (17.83), while soy extended product had the lowest value (15.82%). Application of batter and breading to vegetable extended burger significantly improved the investigated sensory parameters in comparison with the uncoated samples. On the other hand, application of batter and breading to soy extended burger revealed no improvement in the sensory quality attributes in both raw and cooked samples. Addition of soy granules and vegetables significantly increased the moisture, ash and carbohydrate and reduced the fat content of raw burger patties. Moreover the incorporation of textured soy significantly increased the protein content.

This study was carried out in El-Dakahilia governorate on six flocks at different areas 2448 sheep located with varied ages and with history of nervous manifestation. The Prevalence of nervous manifestations was 4.9% (105 /2448). The case fatality rate and mortality rate were 77.14 % and 3.3 % respectively. The percent of Listeria monocytogenes was 26.66% (8/30). Examination of CSF of diseased and control healthy sheep revealed significance elevation of total cell count, total protein and creatinine cytokinase of diseased than control sheep.

The antiviral activity of Curcuma longa against NDV on vero cell culture and in infected chicken was observed. The obtained results showed that low concentration of Curcuma longa 0.25% did not produce cytotoxicity on the vero cell. The effect of Curcuma longa on NDV titre was studied and the results revealed clearly that chickens treated with 1% Curcuma longa as Prophylactic also showed higher protection rate (90%), the chickens that treated with 0.5 % Curcuma longa showed protection rate (80%).Chicks that infected with NDV without treatment with Curcuma longa showed lower protection rate (8%). The chickens infected then treated with 1% Curcuma longa showed protection (65%) and the chickens infected then treated with 0.5% Curcuma longa showed protection (40%).

Toxocariasis is a disease of unspecific clinical manifestations in human beings and some animals forming a condition known as visceral larva migerans. Effective Toxocara canis (T. canis) control should destroy the dormant hypobiotic larvae in the tissues of the reservoir hosts. Embyonated egg antigen is intended to be evaluated in rabbits where15 New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups; immunized group that injected with three doses of T. canis egg antigen (First dose with complete Freund's and two successive doses with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant); control infected group and adjuvant control group. At 30th day from the beginning of the experiment, all groups were infected with 10,000 T. canis embryonated egg. Blood samples were collected periodically for measuring antibodies titer by ELISA. Postmortem and histopathological investigations were done. The efficacy of egg antigen protective immunity was evaluated by; the positive antibody titer, retention of larvae in the liver, hepatic eosinophilic granuloma formation, number of the milky spots on the liver surface and lung resistance to the infection. These parameters were detected obviously in the immunized group than the non immunized ones. Consequently, production of this product is recommended where its preparation is simple, easy, fast and economic and may be used as role of vaccine program against the parasite infection in thesusceptible hosts.

A total of two hundreds of slaughtered animals; 50 each of cattle buffaloes, sheep and buffalo calves were collected from slaughterhouse Giza. Each animal was represented by muscular part, prenephric fat, liver, and kidneys. The Four Plate Technique (FPT) is intended to detect antimicrobial residues in collected samples. The liver samples showed high detection incidences (30, 16, 16 and 8%) in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively as compared to kidney samples (16, 12, 10 and 6% respectively). The lowest incidence was detected in fat samples (0%) followed by muscle samples (4%). High incidence was detected in medium I followed by medium II and III, finally medium IV as well as medium V which failed to be showed any incidence of detection. The tetracycline residues in tissues of slaughtered animals depend on husbandry as well as on withdrawal time after use. The liver (67 + 15, 50 + 14, 54 + 10 and 3 +0.8) and kidney (63 + 16, 46 + 12, 56 + 12 and 8 + 2) samples in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively showed high residual levels as compared with muscles and fat. The detection of sulfonamide residues in tissues of slaughtered animals may be attributed to misuse of these compounds for long term in animal feed as well as result in accumulation in animal tissues.

A field study was carried out in a fish farm to study the effect of seasonal variations during the production period on performance and parasitic infestation of cultured fish. Water samples were obtained to determine the Physio-chemical investigation of water in the examined farm to estimate temperature, dissolved oxygen, PH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, salinity, total alkalinity and total hardness. Fish samples were obtained for parasitological examination to detect external parasitic infestation.The results referred that an elevation of water temperature during summer months leading to slight increase of PH of water, while dissolved oxygen values decreased from 6.8±0.15 to 6.0±1.5 throughout the study period. The mean values of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate reach the maximum in July and August months (0.71±0.18, 0.20±0.07 and 3.1±0.07 mg/l respectively). In addition there was a slightly increase of the total alkalinity and total hardness at beginning of the study (37.8±3.0 and 147.0±5.0mg/l respectively) reached the maximum levels in the summer months (44.4±2.8 and 182.8±6.0 mg/l respectively). It can be noticed that the most prevalent ectoparasitic affecting cultured Tilapia are Trichodina,Monogenia and Epistylis. It can be noticed that, the average initial body weight of examined fish was 6.8±2.3 gm and reached 218.0±3.8 gm. at the end of experiment (210 days) with an average of daily weight gain 1.01 ±0.07 gm. From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that special attention to Physio-chemical parameters of water fish ponds and regular inspection of fish parasitic infestation particularly during summer months obtained a good fish performance as well as high body weight gain and high survival percentage.

Out of 63 bacteriologically examined sanguineous fluids samples which were collected from Oedematous Skin Disease (O.S.D.) lesions, 37 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (C.p.) were recovered. The sensitivity tests revealed that isolates were highly sensitive to trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, amoxycillin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. Diphtheria toxin (DT) produced by C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo was determined by using the double immunodiffusion technique, it was applied on concentrated exotoxins which was prepared from C.p. isolates against Diphtheria toxin antiserum, its results were 15 (40.54%) positive and 22 (59.46) %) negative to presence of DT. Virulence of isolates having only phospholipase D ( PLD) or both PLD and DT was assayed by S/C inoculation of exotoxines prepared from isolates in guinea pigs, 15(40.54%) guinea pigs died within 18 hours while 22 (59.46%) guinea pigs died during 48 hours. An important point in this investigation that there have been very rare previous reports describing the production of DT by local isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo.

Polyvalent clostridial vaccine has been prepared according to L+ dose of C. perfringens type B and D, C. septicum, C. oedematiens, the optical density of C. chauvoei, and flocculation test of C. tetani. The vaccine has been evaluated in guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep. It gave high protective immunity in guinea pigs in challenge test (100% protection), the sera of vaccinated rabbits gave high titers more than the permissible limit. Sera of vaccinated sheep showed high antibody titer and good immune response which revealed that the vaccine able to protect sheep against clostridial diseases. The recent formulation of polyvalent clostridial vaccine is very useful tool for production of highly antigenic multicomponent clostridial vaccine used for control of different clostridial diseases.

Clinical examination of 380 rearing sheep revealed that 30 animal were suffering from skin abscesses with an incidence of (7.89%). Bacteriological examination of 30 swabs from affected sheep revealed isolation of 30 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (48.39%) , 18 isolates of S. aureus (29.03%) and 14 isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius (22.58).The isolated bacteria were identified morphologically and biochemically.The results of animal pathogenicity test showed that C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were 100% pathogenic to guinea pigs and 80% of S.aureus isolates were pathogenic to mice, while all isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were pathogenic to mice. The dead animals showed haemorrhage and symptoms of septicaemia, C. pseudotuberculosis, S.aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were reisolated from the dead animals. Antimicrobial sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis , S. aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates to some antimicrobial agents which usually used in farms showed that from 90% to 100% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline ,streptomycin, ampicillin and rifampicin while S. aureus isolates (from 55% to 66%) were sensitive to rifampicin,tetracycline ,erythromycin and streptomycin, while S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates were moderately resistant to all used antimicrobial agents.

P. multocida contains one or more antigenic determinant of different proportions responsible for partial protection offered by the heterologous serovars. SDS-PAGE analysis of the whole protein profile prepared from sheep local isolates of P. multocida types (A, D), Mannheimia haemolytica type (A), P. trehalosi type (T) as well as standard strain of P. multocida (B6) revealed that the protein profile exhibited some differences with variable molecular masses ranged between 14 to 116 kDa. There are sharing protein subunits of molecular masses of 66, 37 and 28 kDa as the unique cross-reactive antigens in all isolates. The protection percentage for the vaccinated mice with inactivated M. haemolytica against the challenge with virulent strain of P. multocida type A, D and B6 are 30%, 30% and 20% respectively and 25%, 25% and 20% respectively in the groups of mice vaccinated with inactivated P. trehalosi so, there is cross reaction but limited cross protection between pasteurella isolates. The suggested vaccine must contain local isolates of P. multocidaserotypes A, D and B6 as well as M. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.