The use of 1.16 mg/kg (one third) of the recommended dose of diminazene aceturate, administered indiscriminately to cattle on day seven of the unfrozen <em>Babesia bovis</em> and <em>Babesia bigemina</em> bivalent live blood vaccine reaction, was an infection and block treatment method of immunisation used successfully with no known adverse effect on the parasites or the development of protective immunity. Continuing with this practice after replacement of the unfrozen vaccine with deep-frozen monovalent <em>B. bovis</em> and <em>B. bigemina</em> live blood vaccines resulted in reports of vaccine failure. Laboratory investigation indicated the harmful effect of block treatment in preventing the development of durable immunity against <em>B. bigemina</em> as opposed to the much lesser effect it had on <em>B. bovis</em>. Consequently the practice was no longer recommended. A <em>B. bovis</em> vaccination attempt aimed at controlling the disease of dairy cows in milk (<em>n</em> = 30) resulted in 20% fatalities during the expected vaccine reaction period. The practice of block treating <em>B. bovis</em> was therefore reinvestigated, this time in a field trial using dairy cattle in milk (<em>n</em> = 11). Using 0.88 mg/kg (one quarter) of the recommended dose of diminazene administered on day 12 of the <em>B. bovis</em> vaccine reaction resulted in only two animals (<em>n</em> = 5) testing ≥ 1/80 positive with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) although parasites could be demonstrated in three. In the untreated control group, by contrast, five of the vaccinated animals (<em>n</em> = 6) tested ≥ 1/80 positive with IFAT and parasites could be demonstrated in all. The unsatisfactory outcome obtained in this study, combined with that of the earlier investigation, indicated that there are more factors that influence successful vaccination than previously considered. It is therefore concluded that block treatment of the live frozen South African cattle babesiosis vaccines reactions is not recommended.

Trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease that causes serious economic losses in livestock, especially in sub-Saharan countries. This study was conducted from October 2010 to March 2011 in the Diga and Sasiga districts of the East Wollega zone in western Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors. A total of 386 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals. Packed cell volume (PCV) was determined and samples were examined for the presence of trypanosomes using the buffy coat technique. Out of 386 blood samples, 8.55% tested positive for trypanosomes. The majority of the infections were caused by Trypanosoma congolense (72.73%), followed by Trypanosoma vivax (27.27%). There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between districts, altitudes, sexes and ages, but the prevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cattle which were in poor body condition. The mean PCV value of infected animals (21.45 ± 3.62 s.d.) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of non-infected animals (26.60 ± 4.60 s.d.). A total of 1151 flies were caught by deploying 21 monoconical shaped traps. Of these flies, 822 (71.42%) were Glossina, whilst the remaining flies were either Stomoxys (17.20%) or Tabanus (11.38%). The overall apparent densities of tsetse and biting flies were 1.45 and 0.58 flies per trap per day, respectively. In conclusion, this study confirmed that trypanosomes and their vectors are prevalent and still pose a threat to cattle production in the area. Therefore, proper strategies have to be designed and implemented to minimise their effect on livestock production.

The aims of this study were to determine the modulating role of ascorbic acid (AA) on rectal temperature (RT), heterophil to lymphocyte (H to L) ratio and aberrant behaviours of ostrich chicks transported by road for 4 h during hot-dry conditions. Twenty ostrich chicks aged 2.5 months, of both sexes and belonging to the Red Neck breed, served as subjects of the study. The chicks were assigned randomly to AA-treated and control groups, consisting of 10 chicks each. The AA-treated group was administered orally with 100 mg/kg body weight of AA dissolved in 5 mL of sterile water 30 min before transportation, whilst the control group was given the equivalent of sterile water only. The thermal load (TL) experienced in the vehicle during transportation fluctuated between 31 °C and 89 °C, as calculated from the ambient temperature and relative humidity. Transportation induced hyperthermia, lymphopenia, heterophilia and aberrant behaviours of pecking, wing fluffing and panting, which were ameliorated by AA administration. The relationships between the TL, journey duration and physiological variables of RT, H to L ratio and aberrant behaviours recorded during transportation were significantly and positively correlated in the control group. In AA-treated group the relationships were not significantly correlated. In conclusion, the results showed for the first time that AA ameliorated the adverse effects of stress caused by road transportation on the aberrant behaviours, RT and H to L ratio of ostrich chicks during the hot-dry season.

In this review, we collate information about ticks identified in different parts of the Sudan and South Sudan since 1956 in order to identify gaps in tick prevalence and create a map of tick distribution. This will avail basic data for further research on ticks and policies for the control of tick-borne diseases. In this review, we discuss the situation in the Republic of South Sudan as well as Sudan. For this purpose we have divided Sudan into four regions, namely northern Sudan (Northern and River Nile states), central Sudan (Khartoum, Gazera, White Nile, Blue Nile and Sennar states), western Sudan (North and South Kordofan and North, South and West Darfour states) and eastern Sudan (Red Sea, Kassala and Gadarif states).

Study the effect of nitric oxide donor on sperms membrane integrity and volume and their relationship with viability and sperm motility. This study was done usingtwo groupseach one contained 10 samples first one exposed to eight different gradient of hypotonic solutions containing Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)and second 10 samples diluted with gradient hypotonic solutions without Sodium nitroprusside,Bull semen tris dilution treated with Sodium nitroprussidein that protected the sperm fromosmocellular changes stress. The results showed tolerance sperm to gradient hypotonic solution in sperm swelling and classic spermatocrit marked significance by the relative volume shift volumetric data. In addition the SNP had sperm protection to osmolarity tested and give improvement viability and sperm motility. Hypotonic media tonicity that may be attributed to direct liberation of Nitric oxide that produced vital regulation of Na-K ATPase and Calcium channels of sperm membrane

Invegstigation of antibacterial activity of water,ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Oregano(Origanum vulgare)and compared with Vancomycin, Erythromycin, cloxacillin ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin antibiotics was carried out on gram positive and Gram microorganisms for different extracts. The zone of inhibition varies depending on bac-terial ranges from 12 to 26, 14 to 20 and 18 to 22 for water,ethanolic and methanolic With anMICs of(0.167 0.1033) mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis and against Staphylococ-cus aureus was(0.21±0.102) μg/ml. when comparing the extracts MICs with those of antibiotics. All extracts showed pronounced antibacterial effects against both Gram posi-tive and Gram negative bacteria with a significant differences between the effect of extracts & antibiotics ( p < 0.05 )

The present study designed for determining the effect of malathion on some blood parameters on male and female albino mice. The study was done on 42 mice divided in three groups,14mice per group 7per sex in each group. During two months, with (250mg/kg,500mg/kg) malathion doses there were clinical disorders such us salivation ,quaking, and diarrhea were observed in addition to significantly decreases (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and the ulcerogenic activity of 5-(3-chloro-1-benzothien -2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound was determined by comparing it with a standard drug (naproxen). The anti-inflammatory effects were studied by using carrageenan-induced paw edema method and Cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats and the ulcerogenic liability was assessed and compared with a standard drug. The results showed that the compound had an obvious anti-inflammatory effect and the activity is comparable to that of the standard drug with less ulcerogenic effects.