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Isolation of feline eosinophils via peritoneal lavage
1993
Moriello, K.A. | Young, K.M. | Cooley, A.J.
Fourteen cats were inoculated orally with 1 of 2 infective doses of Toxocara canis to induce eosinophilia. Cats were subsequently challenge exposed twice via intraperitoneal injection with 1 of 2 T canis antigen preparations. Peritoneal lavage was performed 2 days after antigenic challenge exposure, and eosinophils in the peritoneal lavage fluid were quantified. None of the cats developed clinical signs of disease after infection. All cats developed peripheral eosinophilia after infection. Significant (P < 0.05) difference in mean eosinophil count from the lavage fluid was observed between lavage 1 (prechallenge exposure) and lavages 2 and 3 (postchallenge exposure) in both groups of cats. Significant difference in eosinophil count was not found between cats given different doses of eggs. After initial challenge exposure, significantly (P < 0.05) more eosinophils were obtained from cats given antigen preparation 2 (prep-2) than from those given antigen prep-1. This difference was no longer observed after the second challenge exposure with higher doses of either antigen prep-1 or prep-2. In cats given antigen prep-2, significant difference was not found between lavages 2 and 3. However, in cats given antigen prep-1, eosinophil count was significantly (P = 0.005) greater in fluid obtained from lavage 3, compared with eosinophil count from lavage 2. Mean +/- SEM percentage of eosinophils in the fluid from lavage 3 in all cats was 70.8 +/- 2.2%. Other cell types included macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells. Gross postmortem findings were mild. One- to 3-mm nodular white foci of inflammation were observed on the serosal surfaces of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and omentum. Microscopic examination of tissues revealed pulmonary artery hypertrophy (n = 4), eosinophilic peribronchitis and perivasculitis (n = 10), mild granulomatous interstitial nephritis (n = 6), interstitial pancreatitis (n = 1), focal lymphocytic myocarditis (n = 1), focal eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis (n = 1), and eosinophilic hyperplasia of bone marrow (n = 14). Large numbers of eosinophils could be harvested from the peritoneal cavity of cats inoculated orally with 500 embryonated T canis eggs and subsequently challenge-exposed intraperitoneally with preparations of parasite antigens. After the second challenge exposure, at least 108 eosinophils could be harvested from each cat, yielding eosinophils in the quantity required to begin isolation of granule constituents.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in mid-gestation sows and fetuses Полный текст
1993
Christianson, W. T. | Choi, C. S. | Collins, J. E. | Molitor, T. W. | Morrison, R. B. | Joo, H. S.
Two experiments were undertaken to evaluate whether porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was able to cross the placenta and infect midgestation fetuses following intranasal inoculation of sows and whether PRRS virus directly infected fetuses following in utero inoculation. In experiment 1, eight sows between 45 and 50 days of gestation were intranasally inoculated with PRRS virus (ATCC VR-2332), and four control sows were inoculated with uninfected cell culture lysate. Virus inoculated sows were viremic on postinoculation (PI) days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, shed virus in their feces and nasal secretions, and became leukopenic. Sixty-nine of 71 fetuses from principal sows euthanized on PI day 7, 14 or 21 were alive at necropsy and no virus was isolated from any of the fetuses. Two principal sows that farrowed 65 and 67 days PI delivered 25 live piglets and three stillborn fetuses. The PRRS virus was isolated from two live piglets in one litter. In experiment 2, laparotomies were performed on five sows between 40 and 45 days of gestation and fetuses were inoculated in utero with either PRRS virus alone, PRRS virus plus a swine serum containing PRRS antibodies, or uninfected cell culture lysate. Three sows were euthanized on PI day 4 and two sows on PI day 11. Viral replication occurred in fetuses inoculated with virus alone and was enhanced in fetuses inoculated with virus plus antibody. No virus was isolated from control fetuses. The results indicate that sows and fetuses are susceptible to PRRS virus infection in mid-gestation, that viral replication is enhanced by the addition of serum with PRRS virus antibody, and that the virus does not readily cross the placental barrier during mid-gestation.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Ultrasonographically detected changes in equine superficial digital flexor tendons during the first months of race training
1993
Gillis, C.L. | Meagher, D.M. | Pool, R.R. | Stover, S.M. | Craychee, T.J. | Willits, N.
The forelimb superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendons of 6 Thoroughbreds were examined clinically and ultrasonographically during the first 4 months of race training. Sonograms were interpreted clinically and by use of computer-aided analysis. Tendon tissue from all horses was examined histologically at the end of the study. Computer-aided analysis of sonograms of the SDF tendons revealed trends toward an increase in mean cross-sectional area and a decrease in mean echogenicity over time with training. An inverse relation was found between increase in cross-sectional area and decrease in mean echogenicity over time in training. Two of the trained horses developed clinical signs of mild SDF tendonitis. Ultrasonography revealed an increase in cross-sectional area and decrease in mean echogenicity of clinically affected areas of the SDF tendons of 1 horse, compared with changes observed prior to the onset of tendonitis (these changes were not statistically significant). Blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the clinically and ultrasonographically affected tendon sites were large and thick-walled. These changes were not observed in the tendons of the other horses at the end of the study. The authors conclude that equine SDF tendons adapt to the early months of race training by increasing in size and decreasing in echogencity, as determined by ultrasonography.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Influence of anesthetic regimens on the perioperative catecholamine response associated with onychectomy in cats
1993
Lin, H.C. | Benson, G.J. | Thurmon, J.C. | Tranquilli, W.J. | Olson, W.A. | Bevill, R.F.
Plasma catecholamine concentrations in response to onychectomy were examined in 27 cats receiving different anesthetic regimens. Each cat was anesthetized with a dissociative-tranquilizer combination, and onychectomy was performed on 1 forefoot. One week later, each cat was anesthetized with the same dissociative-tranquilizer combination plus either butorphanol or oxymorphone, and onychectomy was performed on the other forefoot. Four treatment groups were studied: tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol combinations were administered to group-1 cats, ketamine-acepromazine and ketamine-acepromazine-butorphanol combinations were administered to group-2 cats, tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-oxymorphone combinations were administered to group-3 cats, and ketamine-acepromazine and ketamine-acepromazine-oxymorphone combinations were administered to group-4 cats. All drug combinations were administered IM. Central venous blood samples were drawn for catecholamine analysis after injection of drug(s), after onychectomy, and 1, 2, and 4 hours after injection. Tiletamine-zolazepam alone or tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol prevented epinephrine release for 2 hours after injection of drug(s). Norepinephrine concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline after onychectomy for tiletimine-zolazepam-butorphanol and at 4 hours for tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepambutorphanol. After onychectomy, there was no difference in epinephrine values between tfletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-oxymorphone. Ketamine-acepromazine prevented increases in norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations for up to 2 hours after surgery. Addition of butorphanol to ketamine-acepromazine decreased norepinephrine values immediately after onychectomy. Addition of oxymorphone to ketamine-acepromazine resulted in lower epinephrine values 4 hours after surgery.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Effect of homologous fibrin adhesive on callus formation and extracortical bone bridging around a porous-coated segmental endoprosthesis in dogs
1993
Roy, R.G. | Markel, M.D. | Lipowitz, A.J. | Gottsauner-Wolf, F. | Taswell, H.F. | Chao, E.Y.S.
Modular, porous-coated, titanium segmental endoprostheses were implanted bilaterally in the femoral diaphysis of 7 adult mixed-breed dogs. Autogenous bone graft in particle form was placed around the implant and bone. In 1 limb, homologous fibrin adhesive was mixed with the graft in situ before soft tissue closure. The contralateral limb was grafted in identical manner, but without fibrin adhesive, and served as a control. Radiography was performed immediately after surgery and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks later to assess callus area and bone remodeling. At 12 weeks, dogs were euthanatized and bone/ implant fixation strength was tested under torsion and compared with values for 6 in vitro controls. Histomorphometric and microradiographic analyses of transverse sections of the distal portion of the implanted femurs were performed. Radiographic callus area was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller in the femurs grafted with fibrin adhesive, compared with the contralateral control. New bone formation (21.4 +/- 1.8% vs 19.2 +/- 2.4%), unlabeled bone (64.8 +/- 3.0% vs 67.9 +/- 4.2%), porosity (13.9 +/- 0.7% vs 12.9 +/- .8%), and bone ingrowth into the porous coating (10.3 +/- 0.9% vs 10.0 +/- 1.2%) were not significantly different between fibrin- and nonfibrin-grafted implants, respectively. There were no significant differences in torsional strength of implant fixation between the fibrin- and nonfibrin-grafted femurs or between the in vivo implanted femurs and the in vitro controls. These data indicate that fibrin adhesive may have been advantageous in maintaining apposition of bone graft adjacent to the endoprosthesis, but it probably did not have an enhancing effect on extracortical bone bridging or ingrowth over a porous-coated segmental bone replacement endoprosthesis.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of avian influenza virus in turkeys
1993
Kodihalli, S. | Sivanandan, V. | Nagaraja, K.V. | Goyal, S.M. | Halvorson, D.A.
A double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) was developed for detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) antigen. A monoclonal antibody to the viral nucleoprotein (NP) was used to coat the ELISA plates. A direct DAS-ELISA and an indirect DAS-ELISA were evaluated. In the direct DAS-ELISA, monoclonal antibody to the AIV NP conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was used. The direct DAS-ELISA was evaluated for its sensitivity to detect purified NP; this procedure detected as little as 0.1 ng. In the indirect DAS-ELISA, rabbit NP antibody and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobin were used as primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. The indirect DAS-ELISA was evaluated for its ability to detect the AIV antigen in tracheal and cloacal specimens from turkeys inoculated with AIV. Results of indirect DAS-ELISA were compared with those of conventional virus isolation. Percentage agreement between indirect DAS-ELISA and virus isolation in AIV-positive samples was found to be 76.1% and, in AIV-negative samples, it was found to be 82.1%. These results indicate that the DAS-ELISA might be a viable alternative to virus isolation because of its rapidity, compared with virus isolation.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Toxin production by Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits with atrophic rhinitis
1993
DiGiacomo, R.F. | Deeb, B.J. | Brodie, S.J. | Zimmerman, T.E. | Veltkamp, E.R. | Chrisp, C.E.
Naturally acquired turbinate atrophy in rabbits was associated with Pasteurella multocida infection. Several in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to document toxin production from P. multocida isolates and to determine the relation of toxin to atrophic rhinitis in rabbits. Ten isolates of P. multocida serotype A:12 were obtained from adult New Zealand White rabbits with noninduced atrophic rhinitis. Specific-pathogen-free rabbits inoculated intranasally with isolates of P. multocida developed rhinitis and turbinate atrophy. However, inoculation with filtrates of the same bacteria failed to induce turbinate atrophy. Cytotoxicity was observed in assays, using bovine embryonic turbinate cell cultures with extracts of P. multocida, but not in agar overlay cytotoxicity assays, using bovine embryonic turbinate, bovine embryonic lung, or Vero cell cultures, or in a sandwich ELISA, using monoclonal antibodies to purified P. multocida toxin. Thus, turbinate atrophy was experimentally reproduced in rabbits with isolates of P. multocida, but toxin was only detected in vitro by cell culture assay of P. multocida extracts.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration in cats
1993
Brown, S.A.
To investigate the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration, renal micropuncture studies were performed in 9 cats. Mean single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), directly measured in outer cortical nephrons, was 29.4 +/- 3.0 nl/min. This was similar to the estimated value for SNGFR (31.3 +/- 4.6 nl/min) obtained by dividing left kidney total glomerular filtration rate (1.41 +/- 0.12 ml/min/kg of body weight) by left glomerular count (175,200 +/- 13,600 glomeruli/kidney). In micropuncture studies performed at mean renal perfusion pressure of 101.3 +/-1.0 mm of Hg, the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure was 58.0 +/- 1.4 mm of Hg. The glomerular transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient (40.0 +/- 1.8 mm of Hg) exceeded colloid osmotic pressure at the efferent end of the glomerular capillaries (28.4 +/- 2.1 mm of Hg) in all cats studied, indicating existence of positive effective filtration pressure throughout the glomerular capillary bed. These results indicate that glomerular capillary pressure is sufficiently high to prevent forces from reaching filtration pressure equilibrium in feline outer cortical nephrons. Thus, the value of SNGFR in feline nephrons depends on the glomerular transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient and the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Comparison of a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale for assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model
1993
Welsh, E.M. | Gettinby, G. | Nolan, A.M.
A study was designed to compare use of an numerical rating scale (NRS) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for subjective assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model. The NRS consisted of 5 divisions, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; 4 of these divisions (1-4) described lameness. The VAS used a 100-mm horizontal line with vertical bars at either end; one end was labeled 'sound' and the other was labeled 'could not be more lame.' Two independent observers graded lameness in 62 sheep, and between- and within-observer differences were assessed for each scoring system to compare the NRS with the VAS. Results indicated no significant differences between the 2 observers scoring lameness, using either the VAS or the NRS. The scores obtained, using the VAS, were not normally distributed, although differences between scores for the 2 observers were. The NRS scores followed a normal distribution pattern. Investigation of repeated measurement for the same sheep, using both scales, revealed no significant difference between either. A comparison of the NRS and VAS scores made by each observer indicated that although correlation was good (observer 1; r = 0.94; observer 2; r = 0.95), there was not perfect agreement. The maximal NRS score of 4 was associated with VAS values > 68 mm, indicating that the NRS divisions did not reflect equal increases in lameness. The VAS and NRS scores for each observer were highly reproducible, although they were more variable for sheep that were regarded as moderately lame. Results indicate that although the NRS and VAS compared favorably with respect to repeatability, reproducibility, and use by 2 observers, the VAS is inherently more sensitive. In addition, the NRS and VAS should not be use interchangeably.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Effects of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the vaginal bacterial flora of bitches
1993
Strom, B. | Linde-Forsberg, C.
Vaginal aerobic bacterial flora was studied in 5 healthy bitches before, during, and after a 10-day period of treatment with ampicillin and an equally long period of treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Blood variables and antimicrobial drug susceptibility also were studied. Bacteria were isolated from all bitches before the first treatment period. Bitches from which only a sparse number of bacteria were isolated had flora that varied from day to day. In most instances when bitches were given an antibiotic to which their vaginal bacterial flora was susceptible, these bacteria were eradicated after only 1 day of treatment. This was true for pasteurellae, streptococci, and, in all but one case, Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus intermedius was more difficult to eradicate, and, although susceptible in vitro, it was unaffected by antibiotic treatment in 1 bitch and it took 7 days to eradicate in another. Eradication of aerobic bacteria in the vagina was total only in the bitch that had sparse flora from the beginning. Bacteria colonized within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 4 days after termination of treatment with ampicillin and within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 3 days for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Mycoplasmas emerged during and after both treatment periods, and E coli became apparent during treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Because mycoplasmas may be genital pathogens in bitches and E coli is a common uropathogen, their appearance should be an argument against widespread use of antibiotics in healthy breeding bitches. Two bitches developed a vaginal discharge during treatment or shortly after. Blood variables did not change during the study, nor did antimicrobial drug resistance of the isolated bacteria.
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