This article attempts to review the role of indigenous chicken in rural India. Indigenous chicken farming is an age-old practice and an important tool to reduce poverty among the most under-privileged section of the Indian society particularly the rural tribes. It results in socio-economic development, nutritional and livelihood security, empowerment of women etc. among rural people. The surplus income earned from poultry rearing was used on education (33 %) and food (30 %). Majority (49.5 %) of the respondents reared indigenous chicken to meet petty expenses in Assam. Majority (67.5 %) of the indigenous chicken farmers were women, hence decisions for hatching, selling of surplus chicks eggs etc. were made by the women and they may be empowered greatly through improvement of their skills. It is an eco-friendly approach, where birds can exhibit their normal and natural behavior Birds are kept mostly on scavenging system, where they acquire their feeds through natural foraging, kitchen wastes etc. Rural poultry farming has been responsible to produce 40 per cent meat and 44 per cent egg requirement in India. Chicken eggs and meat are the only cheapest and best sources of protein, vitamin and minerals with high biological value for rural poor and marginal sections of people. In many parts of India, indigenous communities particularly tribal people not only consume chicken and eggs but also use them extensively in indigenous rituals performed to satiate gods, spirits of ancestors and nature, ward-off demons and evil spirits, get rid of bad luck, sacrificed during initiation of agriculture activities and new business, weddings, birth and death ceremonies. The additional income earned from indigenous chicken farming was used to improve their socio-economy.

The veterinary graduates and postgraduates should be enabled with professional abilities and employability skills to be successful in the competitive technology driven world. In order to know the background and socio-profile characteristics of the respondents, it is important to analyse these characteristics in depth. The socio-profile characteristics of people vary with the location to location, time to time and society to society. Therefore, the study was undertaken to study the socio-profile characteristics of postgraduates of SVVU and constraints faced by them to gain employability. The results of the research revealed that majority (53.34 %) of the post graduates belonged to first class category of academic performance and majority (66.7 %) of post graduates belonged to 24-27 years of age group. Nearly half (56.70 %) of them belonged to open category and half of the postgraduates hailed from the rural background. Majority (77.50%) of respondents were with medium annual family income and half (50 %) of their fathers were farmers. Majority (80.00 %) of the postgraduates had medium level of exposure to college library. While 61 per cent of them were aware of the job Veterinary Assistant Surgeon (VAS) and preferred VAS job after completion of B. V. Sc & AH. Majority (65.00 %) of the respondents had medium achievement motivation and 61.7 per cent of them were with medium level of hard work. The foremost constraints faced by the postgraduates were poor involvement of the students in learning process and lack of interest among the scholars to develop the employability skills.

A study was carried out to examine the prevalence of pregnancy toxemia due to inadequate feeding of local breeds of goats in India. Three hundred goats of local breeds in pregnancy were selected. They were assessed for feeding management through questionnaire, body condition score and pregnancy for number of fetuses with ultrasonography. The blood samples were collected and assayed for blood glucose level and β-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA). The Body condition score (BCS) less than 2, blood glucose < 40 mg/dl and BHBA > 0.8 mg/dl were considered positive indicator for pregnancy toxemia. The feeding regime was documented in sub clinical pregnancy toxemia goats and the feed and fodder samples were collected from 10% of these animals. The predominant feeding regime for pregnancy toxemia in the survey was identified and further studied for Dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrient intake. The overall prevalence of pregnancy toxemia was 36.7 %. The incidence of subclinical pregnancy toxemia increased significantly (P < 0.01) in late stage (34.3 %) than in early stage of pregnancy (2.7 %) and was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) higher in animals bearing twins. The average DMI of pregnancy toxemia does (2.79 %) was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than the actual requirement of DMI 3.82 % during pregnancy. The average Metabolizable energy (ME) and protein intake were 1940 kcal and 45.2 gms which was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than the actual requirement of ME and protein intake of 2400 kcal and 58.6 g respectively, during late stage of pregnancy. Hence, the pregnant goats should be fed with adequate nutrients and twins carrying animals should be assessed for their BCS, blood glucose and BHBA to prevent the incidence of pregnancy toxemia disorder.

A sow aged 3 years was presented to veterinary clinical complex, Gannavaram for treatment of prolapsed uterus. On examination averted uterine horns were found hanging from vulva and tear was observed in the vaginal wall. The prolapsed uterine mass was congested and oedematous. The averted mass was cleaned thoroughly and attempted for reposition but failed. The sow lost its life after 30 hours.

A full term pregnant 1 ½ year old Salem Black doe was presented with the history of dystocia. Due to incomplete cervical dilatation by cesarean section hydrocephalic fetus with multiple congenital disorders was delivered and complete recovery of doe was reported after a week.

An extra-uterine pregnancy, in which the embryos or foetuses are located outside the uterus, is an uncommon event. The following case report was about an ewe which brought with a history of completion of term and was exhibiting intermittent straining for the past two days with failure to deliver the lamb. Clinical and obstetrical examination revealed that the cervix was not dilated, which guided to opt for Laparo-hysterotomy. Peri-operative findings, revealed the presence of a live foetus with intact membranes in the peritoneal cavity and a foetal mummy in the anterior abdominal region. Hence, the present case places on record the successful management of extra-uterine pregnancy due to a tear in the uterus.

A study was conducted to optimize the level of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) powder as a thickening agent in the chicken soup prepared with no added oil. Whole finger millet (FM) was powdered finely and used as thickening agent in chicken soup at 0 (control) 5(FM5), 10(FM10) and 15(FM15) parts levels. The pH significantly decreased with increase in the finger millet level where it was highest in control and lowest in FM15. In the sensory evaluation, appearance, flavour and mouth feel scores significantly decreased with increase in finger millet level. The consistency scores were significantly higher for the treatments with finger millet compared to control. The overall acceptability scores were comparable among the control, FM5 and FM10 treatments and significantly lower for FM15. Hence, from this study, it can be concluded that finger millet might be efficiently utilized as a thickening agent in chicken soup up to 10 parts level, which would fortify the nutritive value.

The present study was undertaken to fortify the nutritive value of chicken cutlet with the addition pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as filler and optimize its level of addition. The cutlet was formulated with broiler chicken meat, and the spices and condiments. Four different batches of cutlets were prepared with boiled and mashed pearl millet replacing the meat by 10% (PM10), 20% (PM20) and 30% (PM30) along with a control and subjected to physico-chemical and sensory evaluation. The pH before and after cooking significantly decreased with increase in the concentration of pearl millet. The cooking yield was similar in PM20 and PM30 and significantly higher than PM10 and control. In the sensory evaluation, the texture scores were higher for the control with which PM10 was comparable. Juiciness and tenderness scores increased with the addition of PM. Flavour score and the overall  acceptability scores significantly decreased with increase in the concentration of PM. Yet, the scores were above moderately acceptable level. It conclusion, pearl millet may be used as effective filler in chicken cutlets up to a level of 10% without much affecting the sensory qualities.

The research on Integrated Farming System (IFS) was conducted from 1987 onwards at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, involving different components (Jayanthi and Balusamy 2017). The IFS is an integrated resource  management strategy for obtaining economic and sustained crop and livestock production and preserving the  resource. It also includes capturing the new market opportunities through enterprise including post-harvest / value addition, from Low value to High value crops, from Water Loving crop to Water Saving crop, from Single crop to Multiple crop. The impact of technology of improved farming system: Productivity, Economic return, Energy input-output, Employment, Equity (gender issue) and Environment. This paper focuses on the development of Integrated Farming System (IFS) and its impact on the economy of agriculture, animal husbandry and standard of living of the farmers of the country as a whole.

Wet distiller's grain is one of the important agroindustrial by-products used for feeding dairy cattle. A study was conducted to enhance the shelf life of distillers grains and identify and quantify the deficit nutrients in it so that a supplemental strategy could be evolved to enhance its nutritive value. Twelve samples were collected from grain-based distilleries in Southern India and subjected to proximate analysis (AOAC, 2000), fibre fractionation (Goering and Van Soest, 1970) and were also analysed for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc. In vitro degradability studies were conducted using rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) described by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977). Also, another study was conducted to enhance the shelflife of wet distiller’s grain by addition of deoiled rice bran (DORB) and salt at twelve differentlevels.Samples were collected on 2nd,4th, 6th, 8th and 10th days for estimation of pH (Wilson and Wilkins, 1972), mould count and yeast count (Jenkins, 1992). The degradation rate/hour, degradable soluble, degradable insoluble, undegradable and effective degradability of dry matter respectively were 0.16±0.02, 53.8±1.32,31±1.41, 15.2±1.07 and 76.87±0.43 percent and the same for nitrogen respectively were 0.12±0.01, 31.2±1.16, 53.8±1.28,15±0.95 and 62.39±1.59 per cent in wet distillers grains.The results indicate that mould count was significantly(p<0.05) lower in wet distiller’s grain and deoiled rice bran (DORB) combination of 70:30 irrespective of the number of days of preservation. Further adding salt in all combinations of distiller’s grain and DERB reduced the growth of yeast or mould.