Ten adult rabbit (5male and 5 female ) were used for gross anatomical and biometrical studies .The main characteristics feature of the local rabbit skulls are : in dorsal surface there are a shallow external sagittle crest , the frontal bone has anterior and posterior supraorbital process , the external acoustic meatus is a short wide bony tube directed caudodorsally , the orbita are large , the external surface of the maxilla is pitted by numerous small opening (fenestrated). A total of 16 linear measurement estimated in the rabbit skulls .There are significant difference between males and females observed in bizygomatic distance , basion-bragma height , maxilla- alveolar length , orbital height and foramen magnum breadth

Cast technique includes ten cats (5 male, 5 female) used the polymerizing resin (cold acrylic) to study the bronchial tree and blood vessels. the examination of bronchial tree of the cats (felis catus) Lung is done by using cold resin in order to prepare cast specimens. The diameter of right principal bronchi of cats mean (7.34 mm± 0.36) and diameter of left principal bronchi means (6.07mm 0.36). The right principal bronchi large than left principal. The air flow in right Lung faster than the left. This result is supported by the researcher .These results are obtained from the cast model showing that the pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries after arising from the right ventricle of heart. The right pulmonary artery the diameter about (4.18 mm) and diameter of left pulmonary artery about (3.40 mm) that the right pulmonary larger than the left pulmonary artery

The study was conduct to determine the effect of exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) during gestation on serum reproductive hormones levels (Estradiol" E2", Luteinizing Hormone "LH" and follicle- stimulating Hormone" FSH"), age and weight at vaginal opening onset as well as reproductive efficacy in F1 female offspring. Thirty six pregnant female rats (F0) were gavage three doses of BPA suspended in corn oil (50 μg, 50 mg, 250 mg/kg/BW) or corn oil only as control group from gestational day (GD) 6 till gestation day (GD) 21. After delivery, twelve female pups of each group were hold for three months; However, Female rats' offspring, after weaning, were weighed and checked for vaginal opening (VO) every day until completion, then at postnatal day (PND) 90, blood samples were collected from six F1 female of each group to perform hormonal tests and other six females were mated with untreated male rat in a separate cage for 14 days in order to evaluate fertility efficacy. The results showed significant increased (P

The sturnus vulgaris is migrate bird to Iraq in (Junwary-April) from all year - The anatomical study of cerebral sturnus vulgaris showed that the oval shape with smooth surface due to the absence of gyrus and sulcus, also it is consist of two cerebral hemispheres ,right and left which separated by medium fissure, another fissure situated between cerebral and cerebellum called transverse fissure. The weight of right cerebral hemispheres was 2.297±0.0116 g while in the left cerebral hemispheres 2.282±0.0078 g .The length of right part of cerebral hemispheres recorded 14.220±0.759 cm while the left cerebral hemispheres was 12.810±1.767 cm .The interior width of right cerebral hemispheres was 5.930±0.346 cm while in the left cerebral hemispheres 5.920±0.304 cm .the posterior width of right cerebral hemispheres recorded 8.930±0.221 cm while in the left cerebral hemispheres 8.13±0.163 cm. these measures lead to different between right part and left part from cerebral . The histological results revealed that the cerebral consit of cortex and medulla .The cortex constituted the gray matter which has six layers, molecular layer, external granular layer, pyramidal layer, internal granular layer, internal pyramidal layer and multiform layer .In the cortex showed have larg number of pyramid and satellite cells which is importance of vital or activity in migratory bird due to live in various environment . The medulla constituted white matter was located internal which has increase number of dens bundles fibers and galial nerve cells.

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is defined as elevated concentrations of circulating ketone bodies in the absence of clinical signs. Measurement of blood β-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) concentration is considered as the gold standard method to detect SCK. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of SCK in cows in different physiologic status in Basra, Iraq. The cows were classified into 5 groups according to the physiologic group; G1: 2nd trimester pregnant cows (n =9), G2: 3rd trimester pregnant cows (n =8), G3 Fresh cows (1-30 days postpartum) (n=41), G4: Lactating cows (2 and 3 months postpartum) (n =21), and G5: 4 months – more postpartum cows (n =14) . Cholesterol, ALT activity and BHBA concentrations were determined. The cutoff point 1000 μmol L-1 -2600 μmol L-1 was used. The mean concentrations of the parameters of the cows of the five groups were; cholesterol: 3.7 ± 0.34, 3.21 ± 0.38, 2.59 ± 0.16, 3.15 ± 0.24 and 2.5 ± 0.28 mmol/L, ALT: 45.11 ± 6.16, 37.125 ± 3.98, 44.83 ± 3.36, 45.19 ± 4.57 and 41.29 ± 4.37 IU/L and BHBA: 2.014 ± 0.15, 2.086 ± 0.085, 1.94 ± 0.07, 1.89 ± 0.18 and 1.92 ± 0.075 mmol/L. The concentration of cholesterol was within the normal limits in the all groups but it showed descending trend from early pregnancy to parturition then elevated with advancement of lactation, while the activity of ALT showed highness in each group with different percent, whereas the concentration of BHBA was significantly high in the all groups. The present findings reveals that prevalence of subclinical ketosis in Basra is extremely high. To prevent the consequences of subclinical ketosis, feeding a good feed stuff with propylene glycol and implementing a good management with regular test for detecting SCK to reduce the economic losses caused by SCK.

The main objectives of the present study were to compare the petrifilm TM Aerobic count plates (ACP) with conventional standard plate count (SPC) for enumerating aerobic bacteria and secondly to compare the petrifilm TM coliform count plates (CCP) with conventional coliform plate count (CPC) method for isolation and enumeration of E.coli in locally produced soft white cheese samples .A total of 60 samples of soft cheese (30 samples to each petrifilmTM and conventional methods) have been collected randomly at weekly intervals from different retail markets in Baghdad province and its surroundings during the period of 6 months from the December 2011 till the May 2012.All results of cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions of E.coli isolates were in accordance with the main features described in Bergeys Manual of determinative bacteriology .The laboratory studies of the cultural isolation revealed that 20 (66.6%) isolates of E.coli were isolated from 30 soft white cheese samples by the conventional direct plating (CPC) method while 24 (80%) isolates of E.coli were isolated from another 30soft cheese samples by using a new petrifilm TM technique. The detection limit for aerobic bacteria by the petrifilm TM technique versus the conventional direct plating were 16x109 cfu/g and 5x108 cfu/g respectively while the detection limit of E.coli by the petrifilm TM technique versus the conventional coliform plate count (CPC) were 22X106 cfu/g and 12x105 cfu/g respectively. Results obtained in this study revealed that the petrifilm TM technique has been recognized to be significantly (P

Objective-To compare β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and glucose concentrations measured with a dual-purpose point-of-care (POC) meter designed for use in humans and a laboratory biochemical analyzer (LBA) to determine whether the POC meter would be reliable for on-farm measurement of blood glucose and BHB concentrations in sheep in various environmental conditions and nutritional states. Animals-36 pregnant mixed-breed ewes involved in a maternal feed restriction study. Procedures-Blood samples were collected from each sheep at multiple points throughout gestation and lactation to allow for tracking of gradually increasing metabolic hardship. Whole blood glucose and BHB concentrations were measured with the POC meter and compared with serum results obtained with an LBA. Results-464 samples were collected. Whole blood BHB concentrations measured with the POC meter compared well with LBA results, and error grid analysis showed the POC values were acceptable. Whole blood glucose concentrations measured with the POC meter had more variation, compared with LBA values, over the glucose ranges evaluated. Results of error grid analysis of POC-measured glucose concentrations were not acceptable, indicating errors likely to result in needless treatment with glucose or other supplemental energy sources in normoglycemic sheep. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The POC meter was user-friendly and performed well across a wide range of conditions. The meter was adequate for detection of pregnancy toxemia in sheep via whole blood BHB concentration. Results should be interpreted with caution when the POC meter is used to measure blood glucose concentrations.

Objective: To determine the feasibility of quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for detection of changes in renal blood flow in dogs before and after hydrocortisone administration. Animals: 11 Beagles. Procedure: Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: oral administration of hydrocortisone (9.6 mg/kg; n = 6) or a placebo (5; control group) twice a day for 4 months, after which the dose was tapered until treatment cessation at 6 months. Before treatment began and at 1, 4, and 6 months after, CEUS of the left kidney was performed by IV injection of ultrasonography microbubbles. Images were digitized, and time-intensity curves were generated from regions of interest in the renal cortex and medulla. Changes in blood flow were determined as measured via contrast agent (baseline [background] intensity, peak ntensity, area under the curve, arrival time of contrast agent, time-to-peak intensity, and speed of contrast agent transport). Results: Significant increases in peak intensity, compared with that in control dogs, were observed in the renal cortex and medulla of hydrocortisone-treated dogs 1 and 4 months after treatment began. Baseline intensity changed similarly. A significant increase from control values was also apparent in area under the curve for the renal cortex 4 months after hydrocortisone treatment began and in the renal medulla 1 and 4 months after treatment began. A significant time effect with typical time course was observed, corresponding with the period during which hydrocortisone was administered. No difference was evident in the other variables between treated and control dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Quantitative CEUS allowed detection of differences in certain markers of renal blood flow between dogs treated orally with and without hydrocortisone. Additional studies are needed to investigate the usefulness of quantitative CEUS in the diagnosis of diffuse renal lesions.

Objective: To determine the effect of transportation during periods of high ambient temperature on physiologic and behavioral indices of beef heifers. Animals: 20 heifers (mean body weight, 217.8 kg). Procedures: Ten heifers were transported 518 km when the maximum ambient temperature was ≥ 32.2°C while the other 10 heifers served as untransported controls. Blood samples were collected from transported heifers at predetermined intervals during the transportation period. For all heifers, body weights, nasal and rectal temperatures, and behavioral indices were measured at predetermined intervals for 3 days after transportation. A week later, the entire process was repeated such that each group was transported twice and served as the control twice. Results: Transported heifers spent more time near the hay feeder on the day of transportation, had lower nasal and rectal temperatures for 24 hours after transportation, and spent more time lying down for 2 days after transportation, compared with those indices for control heifers. Eight hours after transportation, the weight of transported heifers decreased 6%, whereas that of control heifers increased 0.6%. At 48 hours after initiation of transportation, weight, rectal temperature, and time spent at various pen locations did not differ between transported and control heifers. Cortisol concentrations were higher 4 hours after initiation of transportation, compared with those determined just prior to transportation. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results indicated transportation during periods of high ambient temperatures caused transient changes in physiologic and behavioral indices of beef heifers.

Objective-To determine kinematic changes to the hoof of horses at a walk after induction of unilateral, weight-bearing forelimb lameness and to determine whether hoof kinematics return to prelameness (baseline) values after perineural anesthesia. Animals-6 clinically normal Quarter Horses. Procedures-For each horse, a sole-pressure model was used to induce 3 grades of lameness in the right forelimb, after which perineural anesthesia was administered to eliminate lameness. Optical kinematics were obtained for both forelimbs with the horse walking before (baseline) and after induction of each grade of lameness and after perineural anesthesia. Linear acceleration profiles were used to identify hoof events, and each stride was divided into hoof-contact, break-over, initial-swing, terminal-swing, and total-swing segments. Kinematic variables were compared within and between limbs for each segment by use of mixed repeated-measures ANOVA. Results-During the hoof-contact and terminal-swing segments, the hoof of the left (nonlame) forelimb had greater sagittal-plane orientation than did the hoof of the right (lame) forelimb. For the lame limb following lameness induction, the break-over duration and maximum cranial acceleration were increased from baseline. After perineural anesthesia, break-over duration for the lame limb returned to a value similar to that at baseline, and orientation of the hoof during the terminal-swing segment did not differ between the lame and nonlame limbs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Subclinical unilateral forelimb lameness resulted in significant alterations to hoof kinematics in horses that are walking, and the use of hoof kinematics may be beneficial for the detection of subclinical lameness in horses.