Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hyperplasia (GpSGH) syndrome caused by the salivary gland hyperplasia virus reduces the reproduction potential of tsetse flies, posing a serious threat for rearing of sufficient colonies for use of tsetse and trypanosome control using the sterile insect technique. This research was conducted in the Kaliti Tsetse Mass Rearing and Irradiation Centre in Ethiopia with the objective of studying the prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies of G. pallidipes (Tororo and Arbaminch) reared for release in the implementation of the sterile insect technique and a field strain of G. pallidipes Arbaminch. Presence or absence of GpSGH was determined when pathological features of the salivary gland were revealed after dissection. The overall prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies was 48.3% (747/1548) with a statistically significant (z = 17.30, p = 0.001) prevalence of 70.2% (544/775) in Arbaminch colonies and 26.26% (203/773) in Tororo colonies. The prevalence of GpSGH in laboratory flies fed according to the clean blood feeding protocol was 68.9% and 22.4% in Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. It was 70.5% and 27.2% respectively in laboratory colonies of Arbaminch and Tororo strains fed according to the standard membrane feeding protocol. The difference in prevalence of the disease between the two feeding protocols was not statistically significant in either Arbaminch (z = 0.361, p = 0.359) or Tororo (z = 1.22, p = 0.111) strains. The prevalence of SGH in wild G. pallidipes Arbaminch strain was 3% (15/500) and was significantly (z = 23.61, p < 0.001) lower than in the laboratory strain. The effect of age and density-related stress on the development of GpSGH was not statistically significant. The prevalence of GpSGH in the newly emerging (teneral) flies in the laboratory colonies was 66.7% and 20% in the Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. For all considered risk factors, the prevalence was much higher in G. pallidipes Arbaminch laboratory colonies.

Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular parasites that cause important reproductive disorders in animals and humans worldwide, resulting in high economic losses. The aim of the present study was to analyse the possible role of peridomestic small mammals in the maintenance and transmission of C. burnetii and T. gondii in the north-western African archipelagos of the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, where these species are commonly found affecting humans and farm animals. Between 2009 and 2013, 108 black rats (Rattus rattus) and 77 mice (Mus musculus) were analysed for the presence of Coxiella and Toxoplasma antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), respectively. Our results showed a wide distribution of C. burnetii and T. gondii, except for T. gondii in Cape Verde, in both rodent species. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies was 12.4%; 21.1% for Cape Verde and 10.2% for the Canary Islands. With respect to T. gondii, seropositive rodents were only observed in the Canary Islands, with an overall seroprevalence of 15%. Considering the fact that both pathogens can infect a large range of hosts, including livestock and humans, the results are of public health and veterinary importance and could be used by governmental entities to manage risk factors and to prevent future cases of Q fever and toxoplasmosis.

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a sample of 292 merino sheep farmed in a semi-intensive manner in the Overberg region of the Western Cape, South Africa, was investigated. Antibody seroprevalence was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the total sample, 23 sheep tested positive for T. gondii antibodies (8%; 95% CI: 4.7688-10.9846). There was no statistically significant relationship between seroprevalence and age of the sheep. The highest seroprevalence was found in sheep between 28 and 40 months old; a total of 19 sheep were seropositive by 40 months. No seropositive sheep were found in the age group between 16 and 28 months. The seroprevalence reported in this study is higher than what has previously been reported for the Western Cape (6%) and across South Africa on average (4.7%). As sheep farming is economically significant in South Africa, the presence of T. gondii amongst sheep may pose a production threat to the small-stock industry as well as to public health and food security. We therefore recommend further surveillance to identify high-risk animal populations so that local control measures can be put in place.

OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of propofol required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus in dogs anesthetized with propofol alone or propofol in combination with a constant rate infusion (CRI) of ketamine. ANIMALS 6 male Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized on 3 occasions, at weekly intervals, with propofol alone (loading dose, 6 mg/kg; initial CRI, 0.45 mg/kg/min), propofol (loading dose, 5 mg/kg; initial CRI, 0.35 mg/kg/min) and a low dose of ketamine (loading dose, 2 mg/kg; CRI, 0.025 mg/kg/min), or propofol (loading dose, 4 mg/kg; initial CRI, 0.3 mg/kg/min) and a high dose of ketamine (loading dose, 3 mg/kg; CRI, 0.05 mg/kg/min). After 60 minutes, the propofol MIR required to prevent movement in response to a noxious electrical stimulus was determined in duplicate. RESULTS Least squares mean ± SEM propofol MIRs required to prevent movement in response to the noxious stimulus were 0.76 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min, 0.60 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min, and 0.41 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min when dogs were anesthetized with propofol alone, propofol and low-dose ketamine, and propofol and high-dose ketamine, respectively. There were significant decreases in the propofol MIR required to prevent movement in response to the noxious stimulus when dogs were anesthetized with propofol and low-dose ketamine (27 ± 10%) or with propofol and high-dose ketamine (30 ± 10%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ketamine, at the doses studied, significantly decreased the propofol MIR required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potency of vecuronium and duration of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in dogs with centronuclear myopathy (CNM). ANIMALS 6 Labrador Retrievers with autosomal-recessive CNM and 5 age- and weight-matched control dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized on 2 occasions (1-week interval) with propofol, dexmedetomidine, and isoflurane. Neuromuscular function was monitored with acceleromyography and train-of-four (TOF) stimulation. In an initial experiment, potency of vecuronium was evaluated by a cumulative-dose method, where 2 submaximal doses of vecuronium (10 μg/kg each) were administered IV sequentially. For the TOF's first twitch (T1), baseline twitch amplitude and maximal posttreatment depression of twitch amplitude were measured. In the second experiment, dogs received vecuronium (50 μg/kg, IV) and the time of spontaneous recovery to a TOF ratio (ie, amplitude of TOF's fourth twitch divided by amplitude of T1) ≥ 0.9 and recovery index (interval between return of T1 amplitude to 25% and 75% of baseline) were measured. RESULTS Depression of T1 after each submaximal dose of vecuronium was not different between groups. Median time to a TOF ratio ≥ 0.9 was 76.7 minutes (interquartile range [IQR; 25th to 75th percentile], 66.7 to 99.4 minutes) for dogs with CNM and 75.0 minutes (IQR, 47.8 to 96.5 minutes) for controls. Median recovery index was 18.0 minutes (IQR, 9.7 to 23.5 minutes) for dogs with CNM and 20.2 minutes (IQR, 8 to 25.1 minutes) for controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For the study dogs, neither potency nor duration of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was altered by CNM. Vecuronium can be used to induce neuromuscular blockade in dogs with autosomal-recessive CNM.

OBJECTIVE To compare ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) with standard ocular ultrasonography for detection of canine uveal cysts and to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver agreement for detection of uveal cysts with UBM. SAMPLE 202 enucleated eyes from 101 dogs. PROCEDURES 2 examiners examined 202 eyes by means of UBM (50 MHz) to identify uveal cysts. A board-certified radiologist then examined 98 of the 202 eyes by means of standard ocular ultrasonography (7- to 12-MHz linear transducer). Subsequently, 1 examiner dissected all 202 eyes under magnification from an operating microscope to definitively identify uveal cysts. Each examiner was masked to other examiners’ findings. Sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver agreement were calculated for detection of cysts by UBM. RESULTS Cysts were detected by use of UBM in 55 of 202 (27%) eyes by one examiner and 29 of 202 (14%) eyes by the other. No cysts were detected in the 98 eyes examined with standard ocular ultrasonography. Dissection results revealed that cysts were present in 64 of 202 (32%) eyes, including 29 of 98 (30%) eyes examined by standard ocular ultrasonography. Mean sensitivity of UBM for cyst detection was 47%; mean specificity was 92%. Uveal cysts not identified with UBM were often small (mean diameter, 490 üm). Interobserver agreement was high (κP = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE UBM was more effective than standard ocular ultrasonography for detection of uveal cysts in enucleated eyes. Small-diameter cysts were difficult to visualize even with UBM.

Sodium nitrite is widely used as a color fixative and preservative in meat and fish. Impairment of hepatic function and disturbances in lipid metabolism are well recognized adverse effects of sodium nitrite. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of bis [4-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybezylidineaminophenyl)]telluride, a novel compound, in preventing the hepatic damage and disturbances of lipid metabolism induced by sodium nitrite toxicity in male albino rats. The estimated LD50 of [4-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybezylidineaminophenyl)]telluride in adult male albino rats is 218.7 mg/kg body weight. Rats given sodium nitrite (0.2%) in the drinking water showed a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, Total cholesterol, TG. LDL and VLDL while HDL significantly reduced. These changes are reversed by administration of bis [4-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybezylidineaminophenyl)]telluride in a dose of 11mg/kg body weight corresponding to 1/20 LD50. It is concluded that bis [4-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybezylidineaminophenyl)]telluride is effective in preventing hepatic damage and dislipidemia in sodium nitrite intoxicated male rats.

Recurrent abortion is a worldwide problem, with undefined causes. Apoptosis could play a major role in the process. The Objective of the work to detect the expression of p53 protein at the materno-fetal interface in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Immunohistochemistry analysis of P53 protein using paraffin embedded sections of curate samples obtained from 40 women divided into three groups : 16 women with recurrent abortion as postive with toxoplasmosis,10 women with recurrent abortion negative of toxoplasmosis and14 women with no histry of abortion as control group . The mean value of the expression of P53 protein was (40.87± 7.54),which is significantly higher than that of the second group(28.2± 4.89),and the third group (13.07± 4.49). The high expression of p53 protein in women with RPL may have a role in accelerating placental apoptosis leading to failure of pregnancy.

The study was designed to assess the protective role of Quercetin against Oanisidine toxicity. 24 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used and divided into 3 equal groups of 8 male rats each. The first group was the control group in which the animals were fed on a standard ration for 15 days, then they were terminated. The second group was fed on a ration contains 1000mg/kg O-anisidine hydrochloride for 15.The third group was fed on a ration contains 1000mg/kg O-anisidine hydrochloride + 80mg/kg Quercetin dihydrate for 15. The results revealed that the treatment with Oanisidine hydrochloride for 15 days (1rst treated group) caused significant decrease in the R.B.C. count, Hb concentration, P.C.V. percentage, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and it caused significant increase in platelets count, total leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and basophil counts, as compared with control group. When Quercetin dihydrate was offered as a protective agent in the ration of the 2nd treated group, it showed a significant ameliorating effect by increasing the R.B.C. count, Hb concentration, P.C.V. percentage, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and it caused significant decrease in platelets count, total leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and basophil counts, as compared with the 1rst treated group. For the blood indices (RDW, MCH, MCHC, MCV, and MPV) there were no significant differences among all the experiment groups except for the mean platelet volume (MPV), where Oanisidine hydrochloride caused significant decrease in the MPV of the 1rst treated group as compared with control and 2nd treated group at (P≤0.05).

This study was conducted at animal farm / Collage of Agriculture, Basrah University, during the period from April to December . A total of 8 blood samples were taken from dry female goats at (2.5-3.5) years old during first day of April , July , October , December months .The aim of this study to evaluate the effect months of year on blood (WBC , RBC, PCV and Hb) and biochemical parameters (Fe , Phosphate, Albumin, Total protein, Cholesterol and Glucose in addition to some hormones like Estrogen and thyroxin. The present study resulted that there were significant (P