This study was carried out to determine the prognostic importance of troponin enzyme levels in lambs with White Muscle Disease (WMD). Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 50 male and female lambs aged 0-3 months old, 30 of which had clinical white muscle disease (Group I) and 20 of which were healthy (Group II – Control Group). Group I was composed of lambs that showed clinical symptoms of the disease. The disease was also identified by laboratory analysis. The lambs in this group were treated and the course of the disease was followed for 15 days.Compared with the control group, the Group I before treatment results were as follows: AST, LDH, CK, CK-MB, Troponin I and T (P<0.001) were high, while GSH-Px (P<0.001), SOD (P<0.01), Se (P<0.01), Retinol and Tocopherol were low. Compared with the control group, the Group I After Treatment results were as follows: AST, CK, Troponin T (P<0.001) were high, LDH (P<0.01) was high and GSH-Px (P<0.01) was low. Comparing Group I Before Treatment and After Treatment results, AST, CK, CK-MB and Troponin I (P<0.001), as well as GSH-Px, SOD and Se (P<0.01) were high. It was determined that LDH decreased and Tocopherol increased. Whereas Vitamin D3 was determined to be insignificant in all three groups, the levels of CK-MB, Troponin I, Retinol, SOD and Se were insignificant in the After Treatment and control groups, and the Troponin T and retinol values were measured to be insignificant in the Before Treatment and After Treatment groups.To conclude, measuring the AST, CK, CK-MB, LDH values as well as Troponin can be an important parameter for the identification and prognosis of WMD.

Besides the yield loss of the pigeons those are infested with ectoparasites they are also susceptible against the other infections because of weakened immunity. Thus it has been evaluated the situation of ectoparasites of domestic pigeons and determined the prevalance in Antakya region. Materials and Totally 100 domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) which are fed for hobby in Antakya region were examined with respect of ectoparasites. The prevalance of ectoparasites of domestic pigeons has been determined and identified according to the literature.The prevalance of ectoparasites of domestic pigeons was determined as 52% and three different ectoparasites were detected. Columbicola columbae was the dominant species with a percentage of 45%, Argas reflexus and Pseudolynchia canariensis were also dedected with a percentage of 5% and 2%, respectively. Despite the higher percentage of infestation in female pigeons (54,5%) when compared with males (48,9%) and adults (56,9%) when compared with juveniles (42,9%) no significant difference was found statistically (p>0.05). But louse infestation of adult pigeons (58,3%) was significantly higher than the juvenile pigeons (28,5%) statistically (p<0.05).The yield and perfomance loss in domestic pigeons should not be ruled out. Therefore hygien of shelters and ventilation is crucially important. Ectoparasiter situation should be monitorized and gotten under controlled.

Xenomonitoring is an important approach in assessing the progress of trypanosomiasis control as well as in estimating the endemicity of trypanosomes in affected areas. One of the major challenges in this approach is the unavailability of sensitive and easy to use xenomonitoring tools that can be used in the remote areas where the disease occurs. One tool that has been used successfully in detecting the parasites in tsetse flies is the repetitive insertion mobile element loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RIME LAMP). This tool has recently been modified from the liquid form to dry form for use in remote areas; however, uptake for use in the field has been slow. Field-collected tsetse flies were used to evaluate the performance of dry RIME LAMP over the conventional liquid RIME LAMP. All the samples were also subjected to internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a standard. ITS1-PCR-positive samples were further sequenced for confirmation of the species. A total of 86 wild tsetse flies were left to dry at room temperature for 3 months and DNA was extracted subsequently. All 86 flies were Glossina morsitans morsitans. From these, dry RIME LAMP detected 16.3% while liquid RIME LAMP detected 11.6% as infected with trypanosomes. Ten positive samples on ITS1-PCR were sequenced and all were shown to be trypanosomes. The use of dry RIME LAMP in the field for xenomonitoring of trypanosomes in tsetse flies will greatly contribute towards control of this neglected tropical disease as it provides the cheapest, fastest and simplest way to estimate possible human infective trypanosome infection rates in the tsetse fly vectors.

The myoelectrical activity of the ovine gallbladder has not been fully recognised. Five rams were fitted with six small intestinal and three gallbladder electrodes and a strain gauge force transducer was mounted near the gallbladder fundic electrode. In two series of successive experiments, the electromyographical and mechanical recordings were recorded over a period of 5–7 hours. The occurrence of the slow waves in the small bowel was regular, unlike those in the gallbladder. In the gallbladder infundibulum, the specific pattern, called the long spike burst pattern (LSBP), was observed. It comprised usually one or two parts of prolonged duration. The first part resembled the classical (short lasting) spike burst in the small bowel, and its amplitude was lower than that of the second part. The spike burst frequency of the second part was 2–3 times lower than that of the first part. During phase 1-like and phase 2a-like activities, the intensity of the gallbladder LSBP was reduced while enhanced after feeding. In fasted rams, the duration of a specific pattern, observed in the gallbladder infundibulum, was longer than in non-fasted animals and its amplitude was low. Similar events were recorded in the gallbladder corpus, but the specific pattern was shorter and irregular. In the gallbladder fundus, mostly irregular short spike bursts were recorded. It is concluded that in sheep, specific types of the long-lasting groups of spikes occur in the upper gallbladder areas exhibiting myoelectrical regional variability. The character of an LSBP depends on feeding conditions.

An identified local virulent Egyptian strain of turkey pox virus (TPV) was attenuated on specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) for production of specific turkey pox vaccine. Forty serial passages of the virus were applied on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of SPF ECE, so titration of the serial passages were undergone in which the highest titres (107.0, 107.1 and 107.1 EID50/ml) were recorded for the passages 30, 35 and 40, respectively. The pathogenicity of the 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th passages were tested by inoculation in susceptible turkeys. The passage of 30th and 40th passages produced the most acceptable post vaccinal reaction (pvr) beside giving the highest virus titre of the attenuated passages. The selected field dose which gave only takes (swelling of the skin) at the site of injection in susceptible turkeys and withstood challenge with the virulent turkey pox virus one month later was 104.0 EID50/ml. The prepared vaccine tested for sterility, safety and potency tests and proved to be potent for the vaccinated turkeys which resisted the challenge for 9 months post vaccination. Antibody levels in the serum of vaccinated turkeys were estimated by serum neutralization test, where neutralizing antibodies expressed as neutralizing index were appeared from the 1st week (1.0 NI) and reached its peak on the 3rd week (2.2 NI) post vaccination

In Bangladesh, veterinarians often claim to reduce the mortality of natural peste des petits ruminants (PPR) outbreaks with the help of supportive fluid and electrolyte therapy. Information on haematological and biochemical parameters of PPR-infected goats, which is often altered because of associated tissue damages, is necessary to formulate the appropriate supportive therapy. This study determined the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Black Bengal goats naturally infected with PPR virus. Blood and serum samples from 13 PPR-affected Black Bengal goats from 13 field outbreaks and 5 healthy goats were collected and analysed by routine haematological and biochemical examination. Haematological analysis of PRR-affected goats showed severe anaemia characterised by significant decrease in the values of haemoglobin, total erythrocyte counts (TECs) and packed cell volume (PCV). On the contrary, PPR-affected goats showed marked leucocytosis with absolute increase in lymphocytes and neutrophils counts compared to the healthy goats. Biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease in total protein and albumin level and increased creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase that mirrored the gross and histopathological changes in the PPR-affected goats. Significant increase in the values of sodium and chloride ions was found in the sera of PPR-infected goats. Peste des petits ruminants virus altered the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the infected goats. Antidiarrheal agents with aqua solution together with other drugs to support liver and kidney function could help improve therapy of PPR-infected goats.

Nanoparticles have many characteristics that make them suitable for biological and medical applications. Uptake of thesenano particulates into animals and humans bodiesthrough different routes may exhibit potential side effects. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common additivethat is increasingly used in consumer products, food,pharmaceutical dosage forms and cosmetic articles. In this study, the effects of oral administration of TiO2 nanoparticles (500 mg| kg .bw) for 60 days were investigated on kidney function and histopathological changes. The body weight gain and kidney/body weight ratio showed no significant changes in comparison with control group. There was a significant decrease in total thiol levels in kidney homogenate, the biochemical changes was supported by histopathologicalultration. In conclusion the data shows that the oral administration of TiO2 NPs may lead to renal toxicity in experimental rats.

This work was planned to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from animal and human sources. Ten isolates of E. faecalis recovered from urinary tract infections in humans, as well as, ten isolates of E. faecalis were recovered from diarrheic dairy cattle studied for their antimicrobial sensitivity to 7 different antibacterial agents. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern proved that most isolates were resistant to most of the tested antimicrobial agents. All isolates of human E. faecalis were 100 % resistant to rifamycin, gentamicin and penicillin G. Resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and vancomycin was 80.0%, 90.0%, 90.0% and 70.0% respectively. However animal E. faecalis were completely (100%) resistant to penicillin G and ciprofloxacin. Resistance to gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, rifamycin and vancomycin was 70.0%, 40.0%, 20.0%, 20.0% and 0.0% respectively. PCR was applied on MDR for detection of aminoglycosides resistance genes. All human E. faecalis isolates were negative for aph(2‖)-Ia, aph(2‖)-Ib, aph(2‖)-Ic and aph(2‖)-Id. 40.0% of isolates were proved to harbour aph(3‖)-IIIa and 10.0% (one isolate) harboured ant(4‖)-Ia. However all animal E. faecalis isolates were negative for aph (2‖)-Ib, aph(2‖)-Ic, aph(2‖)-Id. Two isolates (20.0%) harboured aph(2‖)-Ia and ant(4‖)-Ia and four isolates (40.0%) harboured aph(3‖)-IIIa. In conclusion, the increased antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis isolated from animal and human sources complicate treatment decisions and increase public health hazard.

The prevalence of coccidiosis was determined and Eimeria species were identified in farms at different locations in the Bejaia region, Algeria. The study was conducted from February to December 2016. Unvaccinated birds were selected randomly. Samples from litter and faeces were collected randomly (147 and 109, respectively). Necropsy and parasitological examinations were carried out using standard methods. Of the samples examined, 93 out of the 147 litter samples and 78 out of the 109 intestinal content samples were infected with Eimeria oocysts (63.26% and 71.55%, respectively). Mixed infections with Eimeria spp. were observed in some of the positive farms, with an overall prevalence of 54.28%. Five species of Eimeria (viz. E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. maxima, E. brunetti and E. mitis) were identified with different indices. Eimeria acervulina followed by E. tenella were the predominant species infecting chickens at the farms visited (32.05% and 26.92%, respectively). Statistically, the most prevalent Eimeria spp. was E. Acervulina (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that coccidiosis is an omnipresent parasitic intestinal disease. It could strongly decrease production performance in broiler chickens.

The current work aimed to study the phenotypic and genotypic characters of oxidase positive Gram negative bacterial pathogens recovered from different pathological lesions in broiler chickens. Samples were taken from 200 Hubbard and Ross broiler chickens of different ages (3-5weeks), from different farms in Beni-Suef and El-Fayoum Governorates during the period from January 2016 to April 2016. Bacteriological examination showed that Gram negative bacteria were 165 (82.5%) of isolates of which 60 isolates (30%) were oxidase negative while 105 isolates (52.5%) were oxidase positive including 43 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 35 Aeromonas hydrophila, 12 Pasteurella gallicida, 10 Plesiomonas shigelloides, and 5 Vibrio vulnificus with incidences of 21.5%, 17.5%, 6% 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. The in-vitro sensitivity tests were applied on a total of 59 isolates; 20 P. aeruginosa, 19 A. hydrophila, 10 P. gallicida, 5 P. shigelloides and 5 V. vulnificus against 13 different antimicrobial agents and multidrug resistant isolates were detected. Multiplex-PCR was applied on 15 different MDR isolates. The results of PCR revealed that blaTEM, CIT and FOX genes were the most prevalent where they were found in 8 isolates (53.3%) followed by blaSHV which was found only in 5 isolates (33.3%)