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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USE SOMETREATMENTAL REGIMES TOTREAT POSTPARTUM FUNCTIONAL INFERTILITY OF COWS IN BASRA Полный текст
2019
Postpartum an estrus in cows is regarded as one of the most important causes of functional infertility after parturition during reproductive lifespan. Therefor the present study was conducted to induce fertile estrus in anestrus cows which suffered from inactive ovaries (IO) or persistent corpus luteum(PCL) after parturition. The results of current study showed the efficiency of using GnRH or FSH as a hormonal medication to induce fertile estrus with pregnancy which reach 71.42 and 72.22 % respectively, as well as decreasing the length of days open (DO) to lesser than 150 day in both programs in 70.00 and 76.92 % respectively from induced estrus cows. Also the results revealed that the role of PGF2α in induction of fertile estrus with 83.33% of pregnancy in cows which suffered from postpartum PCL and decrease the length of DO in 80.00% from induced estrus cows. The present study improved the efficacy of uterine massage (UM) through rectal palpation to treat cases of PCL in postpartum anestrus cows with 71.42% of pregnancy, and its effect to decrease the length of DO in 60.00% from induced estrus cows.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Staphylococcus aureus FROM TICKS ON THE CATTLE IN BASRA CITY Полный текст
2019
Ticks are an important external parasite have a mechanical affect through an imbibing blood of the host and transferring a pathogenic bacteria or a virus. The present study was focusing on the isolation of bacteria from the ticks parasitized cattle in north of Basra city,This study was conducted in north of Basrah (Qurna district) from February to July 2017Atotal number of 80cattle parasitized with ticks were samplesIsolated ticks were identified as Hyalomma to recognize what types of bacteria might be existed in these ticks, some of the cultures and biochemical tests were used. As a consequence, Staphylococcus aureus being identified in 14 of cattle sampled that infected with ticks. Regarded to present study, Staphylococcus aureusis one of the most pathogenic bacteria that can have an impact on an animal health production and this study that conducted from little studies in Iraq especially in Basrah about diagnosis of bacterial infection from Ticks.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Climatic and regional antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds Полный текст
2019
Joanne Karzis | Inge-Marie Petzer | Edward F. Donkin | Vinny Naidoo | Eric M.C. Etter
Climatic and regional antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds Полный текст
2019
Joanne Karzis | Inge-Marie Petzer | Edward F. Donkin | Vinny Naidoo | Eric M.C. Etter
South Africa is a large country of approximately 1.22 million km2, made up of nine provinces with three climatic zones. Farming in the country is mostly defined by regional differences. Of the different organisms isolated from milk samples of dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus poses a challenge to maintain udder health and wholesome dairy products for human consumption. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are therefore a potential health hazard. The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal and regional relationships of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus, of which little is known. This study was undertaken to evaluate a data set of 3410 S. aureus isolates, taken from milk samples with a somatic cell count of > 400 000 cells/mL from commercial dairy herds. These isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby Bauer method for ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin G, clindamycin, oxy-tetracycline, cephalexin, cefuroxime and tylosin. The samples were from 830 dairy herds, out of the estimated 2000 commercial dairy herds in South Africa. All the antibiotics tested, except for cephalosporins, showed a predicted prevalence of resistance of above 50% in most provinces, which is a concern. The lowest prevalence of resistance to the majority of the categories of antibiotics tested was present in KwaZulu-Natal during spring. The cephalosporins had the lowest levels of prevalence of bacterial resistance in Gauteng during winter. Resistance patterns of S. aureus to the eight antibiotics varied in the different seasons and provinces, possibly because of different weather conditions, and the action and spectrum of antibiotics.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Climatic and regional antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds Полный текст
2019
Karzis, Joanne | Petzer, Inge-Marie | Donkin, Edward F. | Naidoo, Vinny | Etter, Eric M. C. | University of Pretoria [South Africa] | Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) | Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
International audience | South Africa is a large country of approximately 1.22 million km(2), made up of nine provinces with three climatic zones. Farming in the country is mostly defined by regional differences. Of the different organisms isolated from milk samples of dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus poses a challenge to maintain udder health and wholesome dairy products for human consumption. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are therefore a potential health hazard. The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal and regional relationships of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus, of which little is known. This study was undertaken to evaluate a data set of 3410 S. aureus isolates, taken from milk samples with a somatic cell count of > 400 000 cells/mL from commercial dairy herds. These isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby Bauer method for ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin G, clindamycin, oxy-tetracycline, cephalexin, cefuroxime and tylosin. The samples were from 830 dairy herds, out of the estimated 2000 commercial dairy herds in South Africa. All the antibiotics tested, except for cephalosporins, showed a predicted prevalence of resistance of above 50% in most provinces, which is a concern. The lowest prevalence of resistance to the majority of the categories of antibiotics tested was present in KwaZulu-Natal during spring. The cephalosporins had the lowest levels of prevalence of bacterial resistance in Gauteng during winter. Resistance patterns of S. aureus to the eight antibiotics varied in the different seasons and provinces, possibly because of different weather conditions, and the action and spectrum of antibiotics.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Climatic and regional antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds Полный текст
2019
Karzis, Joanne(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Production Animal Studies) | Petzer, Inge-Marie(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Production Animal Studies) | Donkin, Edward F.(University of Pretoria Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences) | Naidoo, Vinny(University of Pretoria Department of Research & Postgraduate Studies ,University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Biomedical Research Centre) | Etter, Eric M.C.(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Production Animal Studies,CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes ,University Montpellier ASTRE)
South Africa is a large country of approximately 1.22 million km², made up of nine provinces with three climatic zones. Farming in the country is mostly defined by regional differences. Of the different organisms isolated from milk samples of dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus poses a challenge to maintain udder health and wholesome dairy products for human consumption. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are therefore a potential health hazard. The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal and regional relationships of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus, of which little is known. This study was undertaken to evaluate a data set of 3410 S. aureus isolates, taken from milk samples with a somatic cell count of > 400 000 cells/mL from commercial dairy herds. These isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby Bauer method for ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin G, clindamycin, oxy-tetracycline, cephalexin, cefuroxime and tylosin. The samples were from 830 dairy herds, out of the estimated 2000 commercial dairy herds in South Africa. All the antibiotics tested, except for cephalosporins, showed a predicted prevalence of resistance of above 50% in most provinces, which is a concern. The lowest prevalence of resistance to the majority of the categories of antibiotics tested was present in KwaZulu-Natal during spring. The cephalosporins had the lowest levels of prevalence of bacterial resistance in Gauteng during winter. Resistance patterns of S. aureus to the eight antibiotics varied in the different seasons and provinces, possibly because of different weather conditions, and the action and spectrum of antibiotics.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]African animal trypanosomosis (nagana) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Strategic treatment of cattle on a farm in endemic area Полный текст
2019
Abdalla A. Latif | Lundi Ntantiso | Chantel de Beer
African animal trypanosomosis (nagana) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Strategic treatment of cattle on a farm in endemic area Полный текст
2019
Abdalla A. Latif | Lundi Ntantiso | Chantel de Beer
African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma, a parasitic protozoan infecting domestic and wild animals. One of the major effects of infection with pathogenic trypanosome is anaemia. Currently, the control policies for tsetse and trypanosomosis are less effective in South Africa. The only response was to block treat all infected herds and change the dip chemical to one which controls tsetse flies during severe outbreaks. This policy proved to be less effective as demonstrated by the current high level of trypanosome infections in cattle. Our objective was to study the impacts of AAT (nagana) on animal productivity by monitoring the health of cattle herds kept in tsetse and trypanosomosis endemic areas before and after an intervention that reduces the incidence of the disease. The study was conducted on a farm in northern KwaZulu-Natal which kept a commercial cattle herd. There was no history of any cattle treatment for trypanosome. All cattle were generally in poor health condition at the start of the study though the herd received regular anthelminthic treatment. A treatment strategy using two drugs, homidium bromide (ethidium) and homidium chloride (novidium), was implemented. Cattle were monitored regularly for 13 months for herd trypanosomosis prevalence (HP), herd average packed cell volume (H-PCV) and the percentage of the herd that was anaemic (HA). A total of six odour-baited H-traps were deployed where cattle grazed from January 2006 to August 2007 to monitor the tsetse population. Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina austeni Newstead were collected continuously for the entire study period. High trypanosomes HP (44%), low average H-PCV (29.5) and HA (24%) were rerecorded in the baseline survey. All cattle in the herd received their first treatment with ethidium bromide. Regular monthly sampling of cattle for the next 142 days showed a decline in HP of 2.2% – 2.8%. However, an HP of 20% was recorded by day 220 and the herd received the second treatment using novidium chloride. The HP dropped to 0.0% and HA to 0.0% by day 116 after the second treatment. The cow group was treated again by day 160 when the HP and HA were 27.3% and 11%, respectively. The same strategy was applied to the other two groups of weaners and the calves at the time when their HP reached 20%. Ethidium and novidium treatment protected cattle, that were under continuous tsetse and trypanosomosis challenge, for up to 6 months. Two to three treatments per year may be sufficient for extended protection. However, this strategy would need to be included into an integrated pest management approach combining vector control for it to be sustainable.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]African animal trypanosomosis (nagana) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Strategic treatment of cattle on a farm in endemic area Полный текст
2019
Latif, Abdalla A.(University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Life Sciences) | Ntantiso, Lundi(Makhathini Research Station) | de Beer, Chantel(Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research)
African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma, a parasitic protozoan infecting domestic and wild animals. One of the major effects of infection with pathogenic trypanosome is anaemia. Currently, the control policies for tsetse and trypanosomosis are less effective in South Africa. The only response was to block treat all infected herds and change the dip chemical to one which controls tsetse flies during severe outbreaks. This policy proved to be less effective as demonstrated by the current high level of trypanosome infections in cattle. Our objective was to study the impacts of AAT (nagana) on animal productivity by monitoring the health of cattle herds kept in tsetse and trypanosomosis endemic areas before and after an intervention that reduces the incidence of the disease. The study was conducted on a farm in northern KwaZulu-Natal which kept a commercial cattle herd. There was no history of any cattle treatment for trypanosome. All cattle were generally in poor health condition at the start of the study though the herd received regular anthelminthic treatment. A treatment strategy using two drugs, homidium bromide (ethidium) and homidium chloride (novidium), was implemented. Cattle were monitored regularly for 13 months for herd trypanosomosis prevalence (HP), herd average packed cell volume (H-PCV) and the percentage of the herd that was anaemic (HA). A total of six odour-baited H-traps were deployed where cattle grazed from January 2006 to August 2007 to monitor the tsetse population. Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina austeni Newstead were collected continuously for the entire study period. High trypanosomes HP (44%), low average H-PCV (29.5) and HA (24%) were rerecorded in the baseline survey. All cattle in the herd received their first treatment with ethidium bromide. Regular monthly sampling of cattle for the next 142 days showed a decline in HP of 2.2% - 2.8%. However, an HP of 20% was recorded by day 220 and the herd received the second treatment using novidium chloride. The HP dropped to 0.0% and HA to 0.0% by day 116 after the second treatment. The cow group was treated again by day 160 when the HP and HA were 27.3% and 11%, respectively. The same strategy was applied to the other two groups of weaners and the calves at the time when their HP reached 20%. Ethidium and novidium treatment protected cattle, that were under continuous tsetse and trypanosomosis challenge, for up to 6 months. Two to three treatments per year may be sufficient for extended protection. However, this strategy would need to be included into an integrated pest management approach combining vector control for it to be sustainable.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Molecular and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) in dogs in southeast Anatolia, Turkey Полный текст
2019
Pelin F. Polat | Adem Şahan | Gürbüz Aksoy | Mehmet O. Timurkan | Ender Dinçer
Molecular and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) in dogs in southeast Anatolia, Turkey Полный текст
2019
Pelin F. Polat | Adem Şahan | Gürbüz Aksoy | Mehmet O. Timurkan | Ender Dinçer
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is the aetiological agent of an infectious viral disease of dogs, characterised by diarrhoea and vomiting. Mutations of the CPV-2 genome have generated new variants circulating worldwide. This article reports the molecular analysis of CPV-2 variants collected in the dog population in southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Twenty blood samples previously taken for the laboratory diagnosis of dogs with suspected parvovirus were screened for CPV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 20 samples, 18 tested positive for CPV-2. Partial VP2 gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed CPV-2a (n = 1), CPV-2b (n = 16) and CPV-2c (n = 1) variants. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial length VP2 gene showed that CPV-2b (n = 15) variants showed sequences clustering separately in the phylogenetic tree. The CPV-2c sample was phylogenetically related to Chinese strains and Indonesia strain, whereas the CPV-2a sample was phylogenetically related to the Portuguese strain. These results, which are the first to demonstrate the presence of CPV-2c in the dog population of southeast Anatolia, Turkey, indicate that CPV-2a/2b/2c variants co-exist in Turkey’s dog population.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Molecular and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) in dogs in southeast Anatolia, Turkey Полный текст
2019
Polat, Pelin F.(Harran University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Internal Medicine) | Şahan, Adem(Harran University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Internal Medicine) | Aksoy, Gürbüz(Harran University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Internal Medicine) | Timurkan, Mehmet O.(Atatürk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Virology) | Dinçer, Ender(Mersin University Research and Application Center)
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is the aetiological agent of an infectious viral disease of dogs, characterised by diarrhoea and vomiting. Mutations of the CPV-2 genome have generated new variants circulating worldwide. This article reports the molecular analysis of CPV-2 variants collected in the dog population in southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Twenty blood samples previously taken for the laboratory diagnosis of dogs with suspected parvovirus were screened for CPV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 20 samples, 18 tested positive for CPV-2. Partial VP2 gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed CPV-2a (n = 1), CPV-2b (n = 16) and CPV-2c (n = 1) variants. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial length VP2 gene showed that CPV-2b (n = 15) variants showed sequences clustering separately in the phylogenetic tree. The CPV-2c sample was phylogenetically related to Chinese strains and Indonesia strain, whereas the CPV-2a sample was phylogenetically related to the Portuguese strain. These results, which are the first to demonstrate the presence of CPV-2c in the dog population of southeast Anatolia, Turkey, indicate that CPV-2a/2b/2c variants co-exist in Turkey's dog population.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Taraxacum Officinale (Dandelion) Roots Extract Mitigates Doxorubicin-Induced HematoCardiotoxicity in Male Albino Rats Полный текст
2019
Dina R. S. Gad El-Karim
The present study was designed to evaluate the probable ameliorative effect of dandelion extract against doxorubicin hemato-cardiotoxicity. To accomplish this study, four groups of male albino rats (n=7) were used as follow, Group I: served as a control group, Group II: received dandelion extract (200 mg/ kg), Group III: received doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg) and Group IV: received dandelion extract and doxorubicin identically to groups II and III. Doxorubicin was administrated 3times/week for two consecutive weeks, while dandelion extract was administrated daily for two consecutive weeks before doxorubicin administration and continued during doxorubicin treatment. The results illuminated that, administration of doxorubicin has a deleterious effect on both of blood cellular components and cardiac tissues, which was indicated by significant pancytopenia (decrease in all blood cell types), elevated serum cardiac enzymes activity (CK-MB and LDH), increased serum level of cardiacrelated proteins (troponin I, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) with a depletion of cardiac tissues antioxidant (GSH, and SOD enzyme) and elevated lipid peroxide (MDA) level in this tissues. Coadministration of dandelion extract with doxorubicin significantly alleviated its hemato-cardiotoxic effect which was reflected positively on hematobiochemical changes and cardiac histopathological alterations.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Antimicrobial patterns of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens Полный текст
2019
Ismail A. Radwan | Sabry M. Tamam | Abeer A. El Sayed | Rania O. Qurani
E. coli infections in avian species are an economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. The spread of MDR bacteria has been recognized as an increasing problem in the veterinary and medical fields. The current study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial patterns of avian Pathogenic E. coli isolated from broiler chickens. Results of in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that E. coli isolates were more sensitive to imipenem only (72.4%). On the other hand, they were highly resistant to most of used antimicrobials including ciprofloxacin (95.9%), amikacin (94.9%), cefotaxime sodium (92.9%), gentamicin (89.9%), cefotriaxone (89.9%), topramycin (87.8%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprime (85.7%), ceftazidim (84.7%). Also, they were resistant to cefoprazone (79.9%), doxycycline (72.4%) and amoxycillin/clavulinic acid (69.4%). All the tested isolates of E. coli (100%) were multi drug resistant (MDR). PCR was applied on 15 MDR E. coli isolates to determine 4 genes responsible for antibiotic resistance included ampC, blaCTX, blaSHV and tetA (A). The results revealed that that ampC and blaCTX genes were the most prevalent found in all isolates (100%) while tetA (A) and blaSHV genes were harbored in 14 isolates (93.3%).
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens Полный текст
2019
Ismail A. Radwan | Sabry M. Tamam | Abeer A. El Sayed | Rania O. Qurani
Colibacillosis is one of the most important diseases of chickens, resulting in significant losses. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli infections in broiler chickens detecting their phenotypic characters such as Congo red binding activity, serum resistance and proteolytic activities. Samples were collected from 297 broiler chickens of different ages from different farms in El-Fayoum Governorate during the period from April 2017 up to March 2018. Bacteriological examination showed that 98 E. coli isolates were recovered with a prevalence rate of 33%. Results of Congo red binding activity and serum resistance revealed that all E. coli isolates (100%) showed Congo red binding activity and survive for 1 and 6 hrs and grown for 18 hrs in the presence of serum. Results of proteolytic activity revealed that 43 E. coli isolates (43.9%) were able to digest casein of skimmed milk while 16 isolates (16.3%) were positive for gelatin liquefaction test.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Rescue effects of prenatal melatonin administration against bisphenol A- induced perturbations of reproductive and thyroid activities in male rat offsprings Полный текст
2019
Kamel M. A. Hassanin | Shawky S. Ibrahim | Ahmed Abdel-Wahab | Dina M. M. H. EL.Kossi | Abdel-Razik H. Abdel-Razik
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal melatonin “MLT” administration against bisphenol A “BPA”- induced infertility and thyroid dysfunction in male rat offsprings (First generation “F1”). For that purpose, fifty adult albino rats (40 females and 10 males) were used and classified equally into five groups (8 females and 2 males in each group). First group (control group) in which, pregnant rats were injected with 0.3 ml of vehicle /day. The second group (low dose BPA) where rats received a daily dose of 25 µg / kg B.W. The third group (high dose BPA) where rats received a daily dose of 250 µg / kg B.W. Fourth group (low dose BPA + MLT) where rats received a daily dose of 25 µg BPA /kg B.W. plus 10 mg MLT / Kg B.W. The fifth group (high dose BPA + MLT) where the rats received a daily dose of 250 µg BPA / kg B.W. plus 10 mg /Kg B.W. All rats within each group received their specific treatment daily with subcutaneous injection starting from the fourth day of pregnancy till full term. Then, the male offsprings of each group were selected and reared until the 60th day after birth. Serum and tissue samples were collected for analyses and microscopical examination. Although prenatal administration of both BPA doses didn’t affect the body weight gain and testicular weights of male offsprings, they reduced significantly the serum levels of testosterone and triodotyrosine when compared to the control group. Also, both BPA doses disturb significantly the oxidant/antioxidant ratio. Moreover, prenatal administration of both BPA doses affected negatively semen quality of the produced offsprings and induced marked histological alterations in their testes and prostate. Remarkably, all serological and histological alterations observed after BPA exposure were ameliorated significantly with MLT co-administration. Thus, prenatal MLT administration could be considered an optimal treatment to relieve many reproductive disorders, degenerative changes of testes and prostate and thyroid malfunction induced in male offsprings after gestational exposure of their dams to BPA.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Clinical evaluation of epidural bupivacaine, butorphanol, and butorphanol -bupivacaine combination in goat Полный текст
2019
Hagag U. | Mahmoud M.M.
Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid commonly used for epidural anesthesia in human either alone or in combination with bupivacaine but not in goat. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of epidural butorphanol either alone or in combination with bupivacaine. Fifteen adult apparently healthy goats were randomized into three equal groups to receive a lumbosacral epidural injection of bupivacaine 0.5 % (0.5 mg/kg), butorphanol 1% (0.08 mg/kg) or their combination (bupivacaine 0.25 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.04 mg/kg). Animals were observed for incoordination of hind limbs, perineal pin prick and sedation at 10 minutes interval. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were assessed every 15 minutes. Epidural butorphanol resulted into significantly (P <0.05) rapid analgesia (9.8 ± 1.1 Min) than the butorphanol– bupivacaine combination (12.8 ± 0.84 Min) and bupivacaine (16.6 ± 0.55). Butorphanolbupivacaine combination provoked significant ((P < 0.05) prolonged intense analgesia (208 ± 8.36 Min) compared to either bupivacaine (112 ± 8.37) or butorphanol (166 ± 5.48 Min). Ataxia accompanied administration of bupivacaine either alone or in combination with butorphanol, while sedation was observed in animals received butorphanol alone or combined with bupivacaine. No significant changes were observed in heart rate, respiratory rate or rectal temperature. The epidural administration of butorphanol-bupivacaine combination promoted longer-lasting analgesia in goats without motor disturbances compared to bupivacaine alone. This combination might prove useful clinically to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration perineal obstetrical or surgical procedures.
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