There is an increasing demand for chicken meat products due to their high nutritive value, specific aroma and flavor, and cheap price compared to red meat. However, there is a clear lack of information on the residual content of toxic metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and trace elements such as zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in such products. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the residual contents of Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Cu in five chicken meat products including chicken burger, chicken fillet, chicken luncheon, chicken nuggets, and chicken panne. Moreover, estimated daily intakes (EDI), and the potential health risks of heavy metals due to consumption of such meat products were calculated for Egyptian adults and children. The achieved results indicated no detection of Hg in any sample. However, the other measured elements were detected in all examined chicken meat product samples at variable concentrations. The chicken burger had the highest metal concentrations. Several samples had higher Pb and Cd levels than the set maximum permissible limits. However, the calculated EDI, hazard ratio, and hazard index revealed no potential risks associated with the consumption of such chicken meat products among Egyptian adults and children.

Rotavirus ribonucleic acid was extracted from 16 fecal samples of the serologically positive diarrheic calves using Latex agglutination test (LAT) and Immunochrmatographic assay (ICA). The extracted RNA was submitted to Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect VP7 and VP4 genes and the positive samples were 100% (16/16) and 81.25% (13/16), respectively. The amplified products were subjected to G and P-genotyping by semi-nested multiplex PCR using of G6, G8 and G10 genotyping and P1, P5 and P11 genotyping primers, respectively. G6 was detected in 10 (62.50%) of 16 samples and G10 was diagnosed in 5 (31.25%) of 16 samples and one (6.25%) sample did not react with any G primer used. P5 was detected in 9 (56.25%) of 16 samples, P11 was diagnosed in 3 (18.75%) of 16 samples, mixed infection with P5+P11 was observed in 1 (6.25%) of 16 samples and 3 (18.75%) samples did not react with any P primer used. G and P genotypes combination revealed that G6P5 was in 50% (8/16), G10P11 in 12.50% (2/16), G10P5 in 6.25% (1/16), G6P11 in 6.25% (1/16), G10 (P5+P11) in 6.25% (1/16), G6P? in 6.25% (1/16), G10P? in 6.25% (1/16), and G?P? in 6.25% (1/16). These results suggest that the detected genotypes can used as dominant strains for the formulation of an appropriate vaccine against BRV in Assiut Governorate. In conclusion, RT-PCR and Semi-nested multiplex PCR can used as rapid and confirmatory test for detection of nucleic acid and genotypes of Rotavirus, G and P genotypes combination in the present study revealed that G6P5, G6P11, G10P5 and G10P11 were circulating genotypes in bovine population in Assiut governorate. G6P5 strain was the most common of all strain diagnosed in other fecal samples. The presence of various combinations of G and P genotypes among field isolates of BRV suggests that genetic reassortment frequently occurred between viral strains with genes encoding different G and P genotypes. Finally, presence of different genotypes of Rotaviruses emphasizes their simultaneous monitoring in animals for the development and optimization of Rotavirus vaccines.

A morphometric study was carried out on the developing kidneys of forty (40) apparently normal fetal dromedary, one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) sampled at the Metropolitan abattoir, Maiduguri, Nigeria. The fetuses were obtained from the four prenatal developmental phases of the dromedary: 2 – 4 months, 4 – 7 months, 7 – 10 months and 10 – 13 months. The renal length and diameter showed significant progressive increase in sizes (p<0.005 to 0.001), so were the renal cortical and medullary lengths (p<0.001).  The absolute mean weights of the prenatal kidneys showed significant increase across the growth periods (p<0.001). These progressive increases in absolute mean renal weights were without corresponding increases in the relative mean renal weights known with organ system establishment in mammals. Thus, the dromedary was concluded to have a unique pattern of kidney development.

The reproductive system is a key to survival of specie. The male reproductive system plays a vital role in the production, formation, maturation, and transportation of spermatozoa to the female specie.  Little attention has been given to the male fetal reproductive system in Camelus dromedarius. The study was aimed to document the normal gross morphology of the male fetal one-humped dromedary. Forty-five (45) male fetal reproductive organs were used. The fetus age was determined classified into 3 trimesters. The foetuses were dissected from the xiphoid region through the abdominal wall to the preputial orifice to expose and examine the reproductive organs. Morphologically, the testicles were oblong, pale in color and located in the abdominal cavity at the first trimester, moved caudally with a condensing gubernaculum at the 2nd trimester. But did not descend into the scrotum at the third trimester. Ultimately, the testis did not descend before birth. The epididymis was close in contact with the testis throughout its fetal life. Vas deference coursed from the cauda epididymis to the prostate at the base of the bladder. The penis presented a cylindrical form at the first trimester. It was distinct into base, body and glans at the second trimester with a slight arc mid-way of its body. The sigmoid flexure was noted to be curlier at the third trimester. The reproductive organs of the male fetal Camelus dromedarius have some considerable differences from other domesticated animals especially the ruminants

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a food-borne bacterium responsible for several clinical infections in animals and humans. This study aimed to isolate E. coli from feces and milk in a dairy farm along with urine samples gathered from workers managing these animals. Serological, molecular characterization and evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of routinely used antibiotics were assessed. Finally, finding a way to overcome high resistance of E. coli using some essential oils, thyme, peppermint, capsaicin, orange, green tea, tea tree and onion oils. Samples (n=610) were collected from feces, milk and urine. E. coli was significantly found in 44.87, 22.2, and 28.4%, respectively at X2=348.467, P>0.001. Serologically, O86 was the prominent serotype and O55 found in milk and feces. Also, O44, O128 and O111 serotypes denoted in milk. While O91 and O78 noticed in urine only. Genetically, quorum-related gene (Luxs) was amplified in all isolates. In nearly all traits, pathotype (Chua, YjaA, TspE4c2) and virulent (Iss, IutA, Tsh) gene markers were observed. Also, there was considerable multidrug resistance at P>0.001 in human and animal strains. It was obvious that tea tree oil was significantly showed antimicrobial efficiency whereas, thyme oil was ineffective in inhibiting development of E. coli. It was concluded that the existence of virulent and quorum determinants in E. coli of animals and humans is a noteworthy prospect for the public health concern of cow's milk and feces. Furthermore, the inhibitory and biocidal elements of essential oils are a realistic technique for eliminating resistant E. coli.

This study aims to determine the level of damage and the inflammatory response in the cecal epithelium of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria spp. The sample population consists of 39 broiler cadavers from Tabanan and Bangli Regencies, Bali, Indonesia, which showed clinical signs of weakness, drooping wings, and bloody stools before death. Subsequently, they were necropsied, and the swollen cecum tissue, with a color range of pink to black, was sufficiently harvested and placed in a pot filled with 10% neutral buffer formalin. After fixation for 24-48 hours, the sample was then processed routinely and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) dyes. The histopathological examination revealed the occurrence of bleeding, epithelial desquamation, gland necrosis, macrophage infiltration, and various stages of Eimeria spp. development. The presence of E. tenella in the epithelium of the tissue was assumed to be associated with hemorrhage necrotic typhlitis.

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence, molecular characterization, partial sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) circulating in chicken flocks in Ismailia and Sharkia Provinces, Egypt. Tissue pool samples (liver, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow) were collected from commercial and backyard flocks with anemia, uneven growth, and vaccinal failure history. The occurrence of CIAV was 51% (51/100) using specific primers through the polymerase chain reaction test, which was higher in the backyard (26/50) 52% than that in commercial flocks (25/50) 50%. The highest rate of CIAV detection was 77% (13/17) and 75% (9/12) in Saso and Arbor Acer breeds respectively, followed by the Baladi 52% (26/50) and Cobb 27 % (4/15). The histopathological study reflected severe lymphocytic depletions in lymphoid organs with the presence of apoptotic cells and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Partial sequence analysis of six selected field circulating CIAVs showed changes in VP1 at position H 22 Q, VP2 at position A 153 V, T 180 S and VP3 at position R 118 C indicating low affinity of the obtained viruses to grow in the cell line. Some obtained viruses showed mutations in the epitopic site which may develop escape mutation virus from the currently used vaccines. Phylogenetically, the six selected fields CIAVs were classified into two distinct groups. The continuous surveillance activities and epidemiological mapping for CIAV among Egyptian governorates using updating primers are essential to facilitate control program strategies.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a bacterium that causing respiratory problems, growth retardation, high mortality, and drop in egg productions in poultry. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with the ORT infection in commercial poultry flocks in selected areas of Bangladesh. A total of 1920 serum samples were collected from 270 poultry farms including broiler (n=397), broiler breeder (n=430), layer (n=738), and a local breed namely Sonali (n=355) in Bangladesh were collected during 2017-2018 and the samples were tested for ORT antibodies using indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). At individual level, the prevalence of ORT antibodies in examined samples was 39.05% (95% CI: 36.87-41.29) and at farm level, it was 50.74% (95% CI: 44.61-56.85). In multivariate Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis, sampling area, farm category, types of chicken biosecurity condition and types of drinker used were identified as positively correlated with potential risk factors (p<0.05) for the seroprevalence of ORT in poultry farms. Therefore, it could be concluded that ORT is prevalent among commercial poultry of Bangladesh. Proper biosecurity measures at farm level and vaccination of birds against the ORT are highly recommended.

Ketoprofen can relieve pain and inflammation associated with many diseases but, it may cause unwanted side effects especially in kidneys. Curcumin nanoparticles (CurNPs) have a protective effect related to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study examined the protective role of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in kidney induced by CurNPs against Ketoprofen-induced nephropathic injury. Twenty adults male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=5); Ketoprofen administered group, Ketoprofen and CurNPs- treated group, CurNPs treated group and control group. Animals were sacrificed 6 weeks post-administration. Blood serum samples were used for evaluation of urea, creatinine, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. Kidney specimens were collected for histopathology and COX-1 expression was studied as well. The histopathological results of kidney in Ketoprofen administrated group showed focal segmental and global glomerulosclerosis, periglomerular fibrosis, intratubular casts and lytic necrosis of renal tubular epithelium. The pathological lesions were decreased to be mild changes in kidney of Ketoprofen and CurNPs- treated group. Immunhistochemical examination of COX-1 showed negative expression in Ketoprofen group which was attenuated in Ketoprofen and CurNPs- treated group. The biochemical examination revealed that animals in Ketoprofen administrated group showed significant increase in urea, creatinine, and MDA while TAC levels were numerically decreased. These results were attenuated in Ketoprofen and CurNPs- treated group. Co-administration of CurNPs with Ketoprofen caused reduction in kidney parameters and MDA with numerical improvement in TAC. In the present study, CurNPs have obvious protective effects on nephropathic lesions induced by Ketoprofen.

The present study was carried out to investigate the synaptic ultrastructure of the mouse cerebellum using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The experiment were performed using seven weeks old wild type mice. In the present work, we used a newly established morphological investigation method of axospinous synapses (FIB-SEM). This method enables fully automated acquisition of serial ultrastructural data at a spatial resolution of 10 nm in z-axis without the ultrastructure distortions. FIB-SEM enabled easily identification of axospinous synapses in the mouse cerebellum where individual synaptic ultra-structure can be easily identified and measured. The results indicated that, the cerbellum axospinous synapses have presynaptic and postsynaptic compartment. The presynaptic compartment consists of the presynaptic axonal varicosity, synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. The postsynaptic compartment consists of the dendritic spine, postsynaptic density and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and spine apparatus. The volume of presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments was varaible. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between presynaptic compartments as well as between postsynaptic compartments. Moreover, this study represented novel correlations between presynaptic and postsynaptic parameters.