The present study examined the influence of post-cleavage time of nuclear donors on the development of reconstituted embryos in bovine nuclear transfer. Blastomeres of 16-cell stage embryos derived from in vitro-maturation, fertilization and culture were used as nuclear donor source. They were treated with 10 mu-M nocodazole for 12 hr. Blastomeres that cleaved within 3 hr after the removal of nocodazole were used-for the study. Metaphase II (M-II) oocytes were used as recipient cytoplasm. IN experiment 1, donor blastomeres at 6, 11 and 15 hr after the removal of nocodazole and donor blastomeres no treated with nocodazole were transferred into ethanol-exposed and enucleated oocytes. The reconstituted embryos produced by donor blastomeres oat 6 hr after the removal of nocodazole had a significantly higher developmental rate to the blastocyst stage than those at 15 hr and the untreated groups (P<0.01). In experiment 2, blastomeres at 6 hr after the removal of nocodazole used as nuclear donors were transferred into ethanol-exposed and enucleated M-II oocytes. The reconstituted embryos with ethanol-exposed and enucleated oocytes as recipient cytoplasm had a significantly higher rate of initial-cleavage (P<0.05) and development to the blastocyst stage (P<0.01) than non ethanol-exposed and enucleated M-II oocytes. These results demonstrate that the development of reconstituted embryos was improved when cleaved donor blastomeres after the removal of nocodazole were immediately transferred (at 3-6 hr post-cleavage) into activated enucleated oocytes by exposure to ethanol.

peer reviewed | Five healthy, fit Standardbreds (mean +/- SEM, 490.4 +/- 15.0 kg, 4.0 +/- 0.5 years) were studied during a standardized test carried out on a treadmill. The test consisted of an 8-minute warm-up and a 9-minute exercise period (1 minute at 1.7, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 m/s; 2 minutes at 4 m/s; and a 1-minute walk at a 6% slope). Respiratory airflow, tidal volume (V(T)), and respiratory frequency (f) were continuously recorded, using 2 ultrasonic pneumotachographs connected to a face mask and mass spectrometer. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, and expired minute volume (V(E)) were obtained on a breath by breath basis. Arterial blood was tested at the end of each step for O2 and CO2 partial pressures. Heart rate was continuously recorded, using a heart rate recording system. Stride frequency was measured at each step, and the stride frequency-to-f ratio was calculated. Venous blood was tested for plasma lactate concentration be fore and 2 minutes after completion of the test. Some horses had a locomotion-respiration coupling (LRC), but this coupling was occasional and intermittent. The f was lower and V(T) was higher than values reported for thoroughbreds working under similar experimental conditions. Nevertheless, maximal V(E) did not overshoot maximal V(E) reported in Thoroughbreds. All horses were hypoxemic and hypercapnic, but there was wide variability between subjects. The horses with the highest oxygen uptake and the lowest plasma lactate concentration were more hypoxemic and hypercapnic. The Standardbreds, studied under our laboratory conditions, did not have constant LRC and had lower f with higher V(T) than did Thoroughbreds under similar experimental conditions. Despite these differences in breathing strategy, the Standardbreds did not have higher V(E) than did Thoroughbreds, and they were hypoxemic and hypercapnic. The fact that these Standardbreds, which obviously freely selected their breathing strategy, were unable or unwilling to adopt compensatory hyperventilation reinforces the hypothesis that, in strenuous exercising horses, there could be a physiologic limit to ventilation, most probably related to mechanical factors, but independent of any LRC.

peer reviewed | Owing to technical and ethical limitations, a substantial part of the knowledge about the pathophysiologic mechanism of the human diaphragm has been obtained from studies in which phrenic nerve activation was usually carried out by direct surgical exposure of the nerves in the neck of deeply anesthetized, mechanically ventilated animals. Novel information has been gleaned from such studies, but the restrictive conditions under which it was collected preclude reliable extrapolation. We, therefore, addressed the question of whether accurate electrophysiologic evaluation of the phrenic nerve-diaphragm pathway can be performed in intact, nonanesthetized calves. Transjugular phrenic activation was well tolerated, safe, specific, and able to achieve constant symmetric and supramaximal phrenic stimulations during prolonged periods. Eighteen noninvasive cutaneous and esophageal reception circuits were tested for their ability to record the diaphragmatic evoked potential. In addition, they were compared for specificity and reproducibility of the recorded potentials during prolonged periods of tidal or stimulated respiration. The best diaphragmatic potential was recorded from surface electrodes attached to the skin of the ninth and tenth intercostal spaces, using a xyphoidian reference. We describe a method that allows easy, longterm, and reliable electrophysiologic evaluation of the phrenic nerve-diaphragm pathway in intact, conscious calves. It is hoped that such a model will produce relevant novel information regarding pathophysiology of the diaphragm.

Neste trabalho descreve-se caso clínico raro de intussuscepção no segmento “par descendi” do duodeno em vaca leiteira de 3 anos de idade. Os principais sinais clínicos evidenciados eram súbita anorexia, queda na produção leiteira, estase ruminal e parada de defecação. Pela auscultação foi detectada diminuição nos borborigmos do abomaso e dos intestinos; contudo, um som metálico foi emitido, quando de percussão-auscultatória, no flanco direito entre 10ª. e 12ª. costelas. No exame retal foi detectada estrutura visceral distendida, firme e elástica no quadrante anterior direito do abdome. O diagnóstico definitivo foi determinado quando da laparotomia exploratória. Em seguida à retirada dos segmentos intestinais afetados, realizou-se uma enteroanstomose. O tratamento médico consistiu de antibioticoterapia e de hidratação, por cinco dias, que precedeu a rápida recuperação clínica do animal. Discute-se neste trabalho a origem dos sinais clínicos apresentados pelo animal. | A rare case of intussusception in the "pars descendens duodeni” of a three-year-old dairy cow was described. The clinical signs manifested were acute anorexia, drop in the milk yield and cessation of rumination and defecation. Auscultation revealed diminished sounds in the abomasum and intestine but a tympanitic sound over a 6 cm diameter area between the 10th and 12th ribs of the right side was detected. Rectal examination revealed a firm, distended and elasticus viscus in the right anterior quadrant. The final diagnosis was obtained by exploratory laparotomy. A resection of the affected bowel followed by an enteroanastomosis were performed. A medical treatment (antibiotic therapy and rehydration) was given for five days to the cow which made an uneventful recovery. The etiology of the clinical signs presented are discussed.

Foram estudados 51 casos de infecção urinária, em cães, considerando-se diversos fatores, tais como: agente etiológico, localização da infecção, fatores predisponentes, sexo, idade e raça. O diagnóstico da infecção do trato urinário (ITU) foi baseado no exame bacteriológico, sendo considerado positivo quando a amostra de urina, colhida com auxílio de cateter, apresentava acima de 105 bactérias/ml. Dos animais examinados, quatro cães apresentaram infecção mista, totalizando 55 microorganismos isolados. Escherichia coli foi a mais freqüentemente isolada (35,3%), seguida de Staphylococcus sp (23,5%), Proteus mirabilis (15,7%), Streptococcus sp (13,7%), Klebsiella sp (9,8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3,9%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.0%), Citrobacter freundii (2.0%) e Providencia rettgeri (2,0%). Quanto à sensibilidade dos germes isolados frente a diversos agentes antimicrobianos, a norfloxacina e a gentamicina mostraram-se eficazes no tratamento de microorganismos Gram-negativos, enquanto a cefalotina e a nitrofurantoina foram mais eficazes contra bactérias Gram-positivas. Os animais que apresentaram maior frequência de ITU pertenciam às raças Cocker Spaniel e Pastor Alemão, envolvendo mais machos do que fêmeas com predominância de pielonefrites. Embora as infecções urinárias tivessem sido observadas em todas as idades, houve um predomínio nos cães de média idade. Observou-se ainda que a urolitíase foi um fator pré-disponente ou adjacente de ITU, envolvendo germes como Staphylococcus sp. e Proteus mirabilis naqueles casos com pH urinário alcalino. | Urinary tract infections were documented in 51 dogs. Several factors such as etiologic agents, localization of the infection, predisposing factors, sex, age, and breed were considered. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) was based on bacteriological investigation and it was considered positive when urine sample collected by catheterization contained more than 105 bacteria/ml. Mixed infection was found in 4 of the infected dogs, totallizing 55 isolates. Among them, Escherichia coli (35.3%) was the most frequently isolated, followed by Staphylococcus sp. (23.5%), Proteus mirabilis (15.7%), Streptococcus sp. (13.7%), Klebsiella sp. (9.8%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.9%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.0%), Citrobacter freundii (2.0%) and Providencia rettgeri (2.0%). As to antimicrobial susceptibility, norfloxacin and gentamicin were successful for the treatment of gram-negative microorganisms, while the most effective drugs for gram-positive bacteria were cephalothin and nitrofurantoin. UTI was observed more frequently in Cocker Spaniel and German Shepherd; male dogs were more involved, and pyelonephritis was the predominant disease observed. Infection was seen in all ages, but the frequency was higher in middle aged dogs. Urolithiasis were observed as common predisposing or underlying factors to UTI being, cither Staphylococcus sp. or Proteus mirabilis isolated in those cases which alkaline urine pH was observed.

Analisou-se, sob microscopia óptica, reação cutânea de cães, hamsters e cobaia à fixação e alimentação do carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Os hospedeiros empregados foram previamente infestados ou vacinados com extrato total de carrapato adulto não alimentado ou eram livres de contato anterior com o carrapato. Biópsias foram obtidas ao final de cada infestação. As alterações comuns a todos os hospedeiros, independente do grupo experimental, incluíram a presença de carrapato ou de suas peças bucais embutidos em um cone de cemento na superfície da pele, hiperplasia da epiderme, hiperqueratose e acantose, edema e infiltração celular inflamatória intensa na derme abaixo do ponto de fixação do carrapato. Os cães, em todos os grupos experimentais, reagiram com um acúmulo praticamente exclusivo de neutrófilos polimorfonucleares enquanto cobaias exibiram uma infiltração celular predominantemente mononuclear nas diversas condições experimentais. Hamsters sofrendo primeira infestação apresentaram uma infiltração predominantemente neutrofílica, infiltração predominantemente mononuclear em resposta a múltiplas infestações e, quando vacinados, uma infiltração preponderantemente eosinofílica. A persistência de neutrófilos nos cães sugere um controle local da resposta inflamatória imune pelo carrapato. A infiltração predominantemente eosinofílica em hamsters vacinados poderia indicar que mecanismos imunes diferentes foram desencadeados pela infestação e vacinação. | Dogs', guinea pigs' and hamsters’ local skin reaction to the attachment and feeding of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus were analysed under light microscopy. The hosts were either tick-bite naive, previously infested or vaccinated with crude unfed adult tick extract. Biopsies were taken at the end of each infestation. Changes common to every host, regardless of experimental group, included presence of tick or its mouthparts embedded in a cone of cementum at the surface of the skin, epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, edema and copious inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis, underneath the tick attachment site. Dogs in all experimental groups reacted with an almost exclusive PMN neutrophil accumulation, while guinea pigs showed a predominantly mononuclear cell infiltration in every experimental group. Hamsters suffering first infestations had a mainly neutrophilic infiltration, showed a predominantly mononuclear cell infiltration in response to multiple infestations, and when previously vaccinated this host had a predominantly eosinophilic infiltration. The persistence of PMN neutrophils in dogs suggest a control of the local immune inflammatory response by the tick. The predominantly eosinophilic infiltration in previously vaccinated hamsters might indicate that different immune mechanisms were triggered by infestation and vaccination.

Foram estudados 14 animais da espécie canina, sem raça definida, machos, adultos, com o objetivo de analisar, laboratorialmente, o sêmen e os aspectos histológicos dos testículos antes e após a administração do sulfato de vincristina. Para tanto, os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos. No grupo I (8 animais), submeteu-se os animais à orquiectomia unilateral e um fragmento do testículo e epidídimo foram analisados histologicamente. Ao término das aplicações, os animais sofreram a orquiectomia do testículo remanescente e foram avaliados histologicamente. No grupo II (6 animais), inicialmente, condicionou-se os animais para colheita de sêmen. Após obtenção do material fecundante, este foi analisado laboratorialmente. No grupo I, todos os animais apresentaram degeneração testicular em grau leve ou moderada. No grupo II, observaram-se alterações espermáticas, principalmente ao nível de peça intermediária e cauda. Entretanto, considerando que em termos de média, as características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen de cães sofreram alterações que são reversíveis à utilização do sulfato de vincristina, como recurso terapêutico, pode ser instituído nesta espécie animal. | Sperm analysis and testicular histological studies were performed before and after vincristine sulphate treatment, in fourteen male dogs. In group I (n = 8), unilateral orchiectomy was carried out before and after mitostatic treatment, and testicular and epididymal biopsies were examined histologically. All histological examinations showed a slight to moderate degeneration of testicular tissue. In group II (n = 6) semen was collected and was submitted to laboratorial analysis. After vincristine treatment, middle piece and tail abnormalities were found. However, as physical and morphological abnormalities showed to be reversible, vincristine sulphate therapy may be used in such species.

The aim of this investigation was to study the total replacement of powder milk protein (SL) for hydrosoluble soybean extract (EHS) in feeding 5-day-old Holstein male calves. The experiment was carried out using 3 treatment throughout the period of milk intake (5 to 90 days of life). In treatment I, SL was supplied from the 5th to 90th day of life. In treatment II, SL was supplied until the 29th day, and, from the 30th to 90th day, EHS was supplied. In treatment III, EHS was supplied from the 5th day of life. After this period the calves were weaned and received the same hay and concentrate feed as in the milk intake period, up to 180 days. During the milk intake period, the animals of treatment II, showed in average lower food intake, decreased daily weight gain and poorer digestibility of nutrients than animals from treatment I (P&lt;0.05). In the post-weaning period food intake and average daily gain were similar. Calves of treatment III lost weight throughout the experiment, showed very weak body condition and were sacrified. | O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a substituição total do sucedâneo lácteo à base de proteína de leite (SL) por extrato hidrossolúvel de soja (EHS) na alimentação de bezerros holandeses machos, com idade média inicial de cinco dias. O experimento constou de três tratamentos, conduzidos durante o período de aleitamento dos animais (5º. ao 90º. dia de vida dos animais). O tratamento I consistiu no fornecimento de SL do 5º. ao 90° dia de idade dos bezerros. No tratamento II foi fornecido SL até o 29º. dia de idade e do 30º. ao 90º. dia, EHS. No tratamento III foi fornecido EHS a partir do 5º. dia de idade. Após este período, os bezerros foram desaleitados e continuaram a receber feno e ração da mesma forma que no período de aleitamento, até os 180 dias de idade. No período de aleitamento, os animais do tratamento II apresentaram significativamente (P&lt;0,05) menor consumo de alimentos, menores coeficientes de digestão aparente dos nutrientes e ganho de peso diário inferior ao dos animais do tratamento I. No tratamento III os bezerros apresentaram, com o desenvolver do experimento, perda de peso, sinais de debilidade no estado corpóreo e foram sacrificados.

Descreve-se a ocorrência de morte súbita observada em uma criação de caprinos. A maioria das mortes ocorreu sem qualquer manifestação sintomática prévia; entretanto, em alguns casos observou-se incoordenação motora, eliminação de cíbalas envoltas em fragmentos de mucosa intestinal e diarréia. Nos momentos que antecediam à morte, alguns animais emitiam fortes berros. O isolamento de um bacilo anaeróbio, Gram-positivo e bioquimicamente identificado como Clostridium perfríngens, foi possível a partir de amostras de materiais coletadas em diferentes porções dos intestinos, retículo e também da ração. Nos filtrados obtidos dos conteúdos dos órgãos citados, evidenciou-se a presença, em alta dosagem, de uma toxina termolábil e letal para camundongos. À necrópsia, observaram-se compartimentos gástricos plenos de alimento e hemorragias na mucosa intestinal. Estas constatações, associadas aos resultados laboratoriais, possibilitaram concluir tratar-se de um quadro de enterotoxemia. | An occurrence of sudden death in goats is presented. Most of the death were without symptons but some animals exhibited diarrhoea, incoordination of movements and, before their death, spelted strong cries. The isolation of anaerobic Gram-positive rod, biochemically identified as Clostridium perfringens was possible in intestines, reticulum and food samples. Filtrates of these organs revelated a termolabile and high lethal toxin when inoculated into mice. Macroscopically it was seen hemorrhages in the intestines mucosa and stomachs filled up with food. Those aspects associated to the laboratory findings led to the diagnostic of enterotoxaemia.

A ceratoconjuntivite seca (KCS) e o glaucoma constituem afecções freqüentes em Medicina Veterinária e podem ser diagnosticadas através do "Teste da Lágrima de Schirmer" e da "Tonometria de Schiötz”, respectivamente. Para tal, necessita-se conhecer os valores próprios de cada região, uma vez que os mesmos eslão sujeitos a interferências ambientais. Estudaram-se 50 cães adultos, com e sem raça definida, considerados sadios, junto ao Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário da FCAV - UNESP de Jaboticabal. Para o “Teste da Lágrima de Schirmer", os procedimentos consistiram na aplicação de tira de papel de filtro (MelittaR) junto ao saco conjuntival inferior por 1 minuto e avaliação em régua milimetrada do segmento da tira hidratada pela lágrima. Para o procedimento restante, as manobras incluíram contenção apropriada e aplicação do tonômetro de Schiöt sobre o centro da córnea, previamente dessensibilizada com colírio anestésico. Os resultados mostraram valores médios de 17,01 mm ± 4,28 para o "Teste da Lágrima de Schirmer", 29,15 mmHg ± 4,60 para a "Tonometria de Schiötz". | The keratoconjutivitis "sicca” and the glaucoma could he diagnosticated easily through the “Schirmer Tear and Schiötz Tonometry" respectively. To reach these objectives it's important to know the intrinsic values of each geographic region, because they are affected by environmental changes. Fifty adult dogs were studied, with or without breed, healthy, at the Ophthalmology Service of the Veterinary Hospital UNESP - Jaboticabal. For the "Schirmer Test" the technic was based on the application of a filter paper ribbon (MelittaR) in the inferior conjunctival sac for 1 minute. For the "Schiötz Test" the technique included the appropriate contention and colocation of the Schiötz equipment upon the center of the cornea with a previous anesthesia. The results showed median values of 17,01 mm ± 4.28 mm for the "Schirmer Tear Test" and 29,15 mmHg ±4,60 for the "Schiötz Tonometry”.