Objective: This study was carried out to determine the frequency and prevalence of clinical conditions and their treatment, especially antibiotics in dogs and cats. Materials and Methods: A period of 12-month retrospective study was conducted at the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 849 cases, including 488(57.5%) and 361 (42.5%) dogs and cats respectively, were in account to espy the clinical conditions. Season, age, sex, and breed were the parameters to analyze the prevalence of those clinical conditions. Results: From the study, it was found that the endoparasitic infestation was highly frequent in both dog and cat (55% in dogs and 59% in cats). The endoparasitic infestation was highly prevalent in cats (91.53%) significantly (p = 0.003), which were ≤1 year of age. On the other hand, the ectoparasitic infestation was found prevalent significantly (p = 0.06) in the winter than any season and dewormed dogs (p = 0.03). Prevalence of canine parvovirus infection in dogs and wound in cats were substantially higher (p < 0.001 and p=0.05 respectively) in the winter whereas the prevalence of myiasis in dogs was prominent in the rainy season significantly (p = 0.01). The mostly used antibiotic was ceftriaxone (9.5% in dogs and 4% in cats). Conclusion: Different endoparasitic, ectoparasitic, and infectious diseases found prone to infect pet animals, mainly dogs, and cats. By maintaining proper anthelmintics and vaccine shots may act as a prevention procedure to those infections. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 156-163]

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of newly developed multi¬component ear drops for the treatment of otitis caused by parasites, bacteria, and fungi in dogs, cats, ferrets, fancy rabbits, and foxes. Materials and Methods: A new drug for veterinary use was developed that contained levofloxacin hemihydrate (0.3%), clotrimazole (0.1%), dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.1%), and mox¬idectin (0.01%). In the initial stage of otoacariasis (or the ear form of psoroptic scab), the drug was used twice with an interval of 57 days. When otoacariasis (psoroptic scab) was complicated by otitis of bacterial and/or fungal etiology, the drug was used as follows: instilled once a day, within 1014 days in the ear canal for 25 drops of the drug. The study of therapeutic efficacy was per¬formed on cats, dogs, ferrets, foxes, and fancy rabbits with ear pathology. Results: The recovery of cats, ferrets, dogs, and foxes after the double use of ear drops during otoacariasis was established. In the ear form of psoroptic scab in fancy rabbits after treatment, Psoroptes cuniculi mites were not detected. The specific (antimicrobial and antifungal) activity of the drug was confirmed in vivo using the following scheme of drug use: the drug was instilled once a day, within 1014 days in the ear canal, 25 drops of the drug in animals with external otitis and otitis media. Conclusion: The rational combination of active components developed in this study is effective and safe for use in animals with microbial diseases of the ears. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 115-126]

Objective: This research work was conducted for the molecular characterization of the circulating foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in Bangladesh and revealed out their serotype. Materials and methods: The VP1 gene of six field isolates of FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes (two serotypes O, two serotypes A, and two serotypes Asia 1) was subjected for sequencing and phy¬logenetic analysis. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed by using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 6, having the field nucleotide sequences of FMDV and related sequences avail¬able in the GenBank. Results: The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 genes of serotypes O, A, and Asia-1 of the isolates revealed that overall isolates were 91%100% similar to the isolates reported from Bangladesh and other neighboring countries. Among the isolates reported from Bangladesh, serotype O had 98%100% identity, serotype A had 91%100% identity, and serotype Asia-1 had 94%100% iden¬tity. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was con¬firmed in Bangladesh under the Middle EastSouth Asian (ME-SA) topotype. On the other hand, we identified genotype VII (18) of Asia topotype (serotype A) and lineage C (serotype Asia-1). Conclusion: The FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was confirmed in Bangladesh under the ME-SA topotype for the first time. The extensive cross-border animal movement from neigh¬boring countries may act as the source of diversified FMDV serotypes in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 360-366]

Objective: This work was organized to assess macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression in snakehead fish extract supplementation to first-line eradication regimen in rats induced by Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials and methods: A total of 28 manly rats were haphazardly isolated equally into four groups. Group-1 was the control negative, and groups-24 were H. pylori-infected groups. Group-2 was the control positive. Groups-3 and 4 were treated with first-line eradication regi¬men and first-line eradication regimen supplemented with snakehead fish extract, respectively. Immunoreactive scores (IRS) of MIF expression and eradication testing procedure were carried out. The comparison and difference between groups were analyzed by KruskalWallis and post hoc MannWhitney U-test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be a limit of significance. Results: The average IRS of MIF expression in group-2 was the highest among other groups (p < 0.05). Group-4 (supplemented by snakehead fish extract) had a lower median value IRS of MIF expression compared to group-3 [1.0 (0.02.0) vs. 3.5 (2.06.0), p = 0.004]. Conclusion: MIF expression was higher in rats induced by H. pylori infection. Snakehead fish extract supplementation to first-line eradication regimen significantly reduces more MIF expres¬sion compared to a single administration of first-line eradication regimen in rats induced by H. pylori infection. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 209-217]

Objective: The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effect of different food sources on the growth and reproduction performances of an epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in 18 cylindrical plastic containers for 10 weeks. The study was designed with six treatments, each having three replicates. In control treat¬ment (T1), cow dung was used as the only food source for the earthworm. In another five treat¬ments, water hyacinth (T2), chopped banana plant trunk (T3), vegetable scrap (T4), paddy straw (T5), and sugarcane bagasse (T6) were used as food sources with cow dung as bedding material. Results: The maximum weight gain of earthworm P. excavatus was 3,294.7 ± 4.5 mg for the food staff of vegetable scrap (T4). Earthworm P. excavatus fed with chopped banana plant trunk (T3) showed a very similar weight gain of 3,243.7 ± 3.8 mg. On the contrary, the minimum weight gain was 1,799.7 ± 3.5 mg for the food staff of paddy straw (T5). The maximum cocoon number of 137.33 ± 6.46 mg was observed in T3, whereas a minimum number of 36.67 ± 4.16 mg in T1. The highest number of hatchlings (12.33 ± 0.88 mg) was recorded in treatment T3, whereas the least number of hatchling (5.00 ± 0.58 mg) was observed in T1. Conclusion: It was concluded that, among the six different food sources, chopped banana plant trunk was preferable food source to the earthworm for growth and reproduction. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 331-337]

COVID-19 is now a pandemic. Like other countries, Bangladesh is putting all its efforts to combat this pandemic. Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection causing a severe flu-like illness and, sometimes causing a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue. At this very crisis moment, there are reports on new cases of dengue in Bangladesh. More efforts now need to be taken for the control of dengue along with COVID-19 control measures. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 218-219]

Objective: The current investigation was designed to point out the prevalence of multidrug-resis¬tant Streptococcus spp. causing acute clinical mastitis and their pattern of antibiotic resistance in dairy cows. Materials and methods: Milk was sampled from 128 dairy cows with 191 infected quarters during the period from August 2017 to December 2018. Bacterial species were isolated from the milk samples and identified based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Multiplex PCR was done for confirmatory detection of the Streptococcus spp. isolates. Results: The chief isolation percentages, from the sampled milk, were Escherichia coli (26%), then Staphylococcus aureus (23%), and Streptococcus dysagalactiae (23%), then Streptococcus agalac¬tiae (20.1%), and finally coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.7%). In confirmed PCR streptococci isolates, the antibiotic resistance genes have been detected, including macrolides antibiotic resis¬tance genes (ermB and mefA genes), lincosamides antibiotic resistance genes (linB gene), and tetra¬cycline resistance genes (tetM and tetO genes). Age, parity number, cleaning of bedding materials, cleaning of milking facilities, and utensils and udder cleaning practice were significant risk factors for multidrug-resistant streptococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Conclusion: The results of this study explored the phenotypic and genotypic traits of Streptococcus spp. which constitute a usual cause of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. The ermB, mefA, tetM, and tetO antibiotic-resistant genes were identified in streptococci isolates from dairy cows milk with acute clinical mastitis, indicating a public health hazard. Thus, veterinary clinical breakpoints are needed to improve surveillance data, improve the hygiene regimen on the farms, and pro¬mote the wise use of antimicrobials. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 186-197]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the serum ferritin level and quantitate ultra¬sound elastography as a marker to distinguish dogs with benign and malignant liver tumors. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight dogs were determined the serum ferritin and ultrasound elastography by using fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Results: Our results demonstrated that dogs with malignant liver tumors had significantly higher mean serum ferritin concentrations than those with benign liver tumors (p = 0.004). The mean intensity of blue and red colors from elastography was greater in the malignant than those in the benign group, especially for the blue color, meaning that lesions showed more hard tissue. Additionally, histograms of blue color in the malignant tended to be higher than the benign group. Conclusion: We suggested that quantitative ultrasound elastography and serum ferritin concen¬tration comprise an alternative and non-invasive diagnostic method that could be used to predict the type of liver tumors in dogs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 575- 584]

Objective: This study aimed to inspect the occurrence of Haemoproteus tinnunculi (H. tinnunculi) in falcons from the central area of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 100 falcons species, including 55 Falco cherrug, 22 Falco peregrinus, 13 Falco pelegrinoides, and 10 Falco rusticolus, were collected from November 2018 to April 2019 and examined for H. tinnunculi by microscopic examination and nested PCR, targeting a cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Results: The prevalence was 1% by microscopic examination. The prevalence rate of H. tinnunculi was 1% by the microscopic method and 3% by PCR. Only F. cherrug was infected. In the sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the two cytb H. tinnunculi sequences were 100% identical and closely related to the Lithuanian isolate with 99.35% identity. Conclusions: This study presents the first report of molecular detection and characterization of H. tinnunculai in F. cherrug from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 626-632]

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize Kacang goats (aged 12 years) in the highland (group 1) and lowland (group 2) areas of Jambi Province based on their body measure¬ments and body indices. Materials and Methods: A total of 320 goats were collected from lowland (n = 160), and highland (n = 160) areas with sex proportions of 80 bucks and 80 does for each area. Eight body mea¬surements and 12 body indices were used to characterize the Kacang goats from different areas. Results: The research showed that each animal group had one principal component (PC) for body measurements and four PCs for body indices. Thus, the body measurement of rump height (RH) and the body indices of area index, weight index, and thoracic development were suggested as the variables to distinguish the Kacang goats from different areas. However, the canonical correla¬tion (rc) value in the study was approximately 0.30 (low). Therefore, about 59.4% (lowland) and 60.6% (highland) of Kacang goats were characterized by the body measurements, and the body indices were indicated approximately 48.8% (lowland) and 61.2% (highland) of Kacang goats. A cluster analysis of the four Kacang populations revealed that Kacang goats in this study were grouped into a first cluster (Kerinci) and a second cluster (Muaro Jambi, Batanghari, and Sungai Penuh). Conclusion: It is concluded that body measurements and body indices cannot characterize the Kacang goats from lowland and highland areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 734-743]