This study aimed to determine the numbers, directions, localizations, diameters, morphometric values of the nutrient foramina (NF) in humerus of domestic mammals and to reveal the differences between the right and left humerus in animal species. In the study, a total of 223 humerus, large ruminants (56), small ruminants (60), equidae (29), sus (24), carnivora-dog (42), and carnivora-cat (12), were examined in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University. The numbers, shapes, directions, localization sites and localized surfaces of the NF’s were observed with the naked eye, and recorded. The locations of the NF’s were confirmed by calculating the Foraminal Index (FI). The diameters of the NF’s were measured using 1.2 mm (18 Gauge: G), 0.9 mm (20 G), 0.7 mm (22 G), 0.55 mm (24 G), and 0.1 mm (34 G) needles. In animal species, morphometric measurements were taken such as total length of the humerus (TLH), distance between the NF with the proximal end of the humerus (NFP), distance between the NF with the distal end of the humerus (NFD), FI and performed statistical analysis of the measured values.There was found a single NF in 99% of the examined humerus in the study. In general, it was seen that the NF’s were directed downwards, and located in the middle 1/3 with lower 1/3 segments. NF’s were determined to be localized to the facies caudalis in 100% of sus, in 93% of large ruminants and carnivoradogs, and in 85% of small ruminants; however, in equidae and carnivora-cats were all localized to the margo medialis. According to the statistics, no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between the right and left humerus NF measurement values in terms of morphometric properties. But only, the diameter of the NF in the small ruminants was statistically significant (p<0.05).It was found that the morphological and morphometric differences of NF’s in right and left humerus of domestic mammals. Moreover, in these animals, it is thought that the study may help veterinary clinicians and surgeons in evaluating of the pathological conditions related to humeral NF and planning of the operative applications to be performed in this region.

In this case report, clinicopathological findings and certain biochemical parameters were presented in quails with the pendulous crop. The animal material of the study consists of a total of 3 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The quails were examined clinically first, followed by the post-mortem examinations. The investigations of Na, K, Mg, total TP and Alb were conducted using autoanalyzer. The plasma levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, total protein and albumin in the blood samples collected from the animals were found to be higher than the averages for quails. Postmortem examination of quails has revealed that the veins of their crops were prominently pronounced and that the crops were filled with a yellowish, foulodor liquid containing whole grain particles. Furthermore, the crop mucosa of an animal contained ulcerative lesions. As a result, it was found that certain mineral levels and protein profiles of animals were affected by the pendulous crop phenomenon, and that laboratory findings should be considered alongside physical findings when dealing with it.

OBJECTIVE To compare the torsional mechanical properties of 2 external skeletal fixators (ESFs) placed with 2 intramedullary pin (IP) and transfixation pin (TP) size combinations in a model of raptor tibiotarsal bone fracture. SAMPLE 24 ESF-synthetic tibiotarsal bone model (polyoxymethylene) constructs. PROCEDURES Synthetic bone models were fabricated with an 8-mm (simulated fracture) gap. Four types of ESF-synthetic bone model constructs (6/group) were tested: a FESSA with a 1.6-mm IP and 1.6-mm TPs, a FESSA with a 2.0-mm IP and 1.1-mm TPs, an acrylic connecting bar with a 1.6-mm IP and 1.6-mm TPs, and an acrylic connecting bar with a 2.0-mm IP and 1.1-mm TPs. Models were rotated in torsion (5°/s) to failure or the machine angle limit (80°). Mechanical variables at yield and at failure were determined from load deformation curves. Effects of overall construct type, connecting bar type, and IP and TP size combination on mechanical properties were assessed with mixed-model ANOVAs. RESULTS Both FESSA constructs had significantly greater median stiffness and median torque at yield than both acrylic bar constructs; FESSA constructs with a 1.6-mm IP and 1.6-mm TPs had greatest stiffness of all tested constructs and lowest gap strain at yield. No FESSA constructs failed during testing; 7 of 12 acrylic bar constructs failed by fracture of the connecting bar at the interface with a TP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although acrylic bar ESFs have been successfully used in avian patients, the FESSA constructs in this study were mechanically superior to acrylic bar constructs, with greatest benefit resulting from use with the larger TP configuration.

Transforming growth factor-&beta;1 (TGF-&beta;1) is an important immune regulatorcritical for immune homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that TGF-&beta;1 has acrucial regulatory role in CNS development and potential implications forneurogenesis in a variety of TGF-&beta;1-related CNS diseases: so the aim of the study toinvestigate the association of the TGF&beta;-1 gene polymorphism with its plasma proteinplasma level (TGFB-1)in ASD patients, It's a case &ndash; control study atotal of 94 patientswith ASD, their age ranging from 2 to 13 years and 100 apparently healthy childrenwere used as a control which were matched by age and sex. TGF&beta;-1 levels wasmeasured by ELISA and TGF-&beta;1(Codon 10 +869 C/T) and TGF-&beta;1(Codon 25:+915*G/C)Gene Polymorphism were detected by specific sets of primers.The meanvalue of TGF-&beta;1 was significantly low in the autistic group (95.91pg / mm) ascompare with the control one (117.08 pg / mm) TGF-&beta;1(Codon 10: +869*T/C) genepolymorphism showed heterogeneous results between autistic group and controlgroup

The aim of this study is to propagate the non-virulent Newcastle disease virus in thelaboratory, determination the cytopathic effects in the inoculated chicken embryos, andconfirmation of virus growth by serological and molecular techniques by performinghaemagglutination and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests,respectively. LaSota virus strain which is a live vaccine was used for this purpose. Nine-dayoldembryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with the virus and further incubated for 48hours; and the allantoic fluid was collected for further processing. Petechial haemorrhages andcongestions were observed in the inoculated embryos while in the un-inoculated eggs; theembryos were normal and did not show any lesion. Virus growth in the allantoic fluid wasconfirmed by performing haemagglutination and RT-PCR tests. These results support theisolation of other viruses in our laboratories, which will contribute to perform otherexperiments such as studying virus characteristics and observation of its pathological effects onthe embryos, preparation of viral antigens, sequencing of viral genome, and possiblydiscovering new viruses.

The purpose of this study was to describe some characteristic features of theintraglandular duct system in the lactating udder of adult indigenous cow by cast formingand radiography study. Ten udders of local breed cows (5 for resin cast formation and 5for radiological study), clinically appeared healthy and aged (2-5) years were obtainedfrom Al- shoala slaughter-house in Baghdad city. Our study primed to describe andinvestigate of the intraglandular duct system of the local cow breed. The present findingwas showed that the duct system was a network of unequal sizes tubules which wasbegins with the small intralobular ducts then interlobular duct empty into a collectingduct which drain the milk into the lactiferous sinus by a several of lactiferous duct, thelactiferous sinus forms a common cavity for each quarter of the udder which drain intothe teat sinus and then teat canal.

The aim of this research paper were to monitor the presence of source zoonotic bacterial diseases inthe physical tools that used in animal farms. That had a role in the store and the transmission of zoonoticbacterial diseases to farmers and affected their health and the transfer to different farm products. As well,which caused loss of the product and diseases to consumers that may affect farmers' health and animalhealth. That was used principled method for bacterial isolation and identification. It was found bacteria41%; it may cause damage to products from food poisoning to zoonotic bacterial diseases to consumers. Itwas found the Gram-negative 69% and Gram-positive 31%, which were the most resistant bacteria toantibiotics and causes zoonotic bacterial diseases. It was found Staphylococcous Spp. 39% andStreptococcus Spp. 13%. Escherichia coli were 49%; (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebseilla pneumonia,and Campylobacter Spp) were (17, 12 and 11%). (Actinobacter Spp. and Proteus Spp.), were (6 and 3%),Salmonella Spp. was 1%. It indicated the existence of PTs as stores for that may be a source of zoonoticbacterial diseases and may easily transmitted to humans or animal products, causing health and economicdamage. It was concluded that the zoonotic bacterial diseases could be transmitted from physical tools assources that were used in the farm and caused health damage and economic effects. That recommendedpreferring quality physical tools to minimize the health and economic damage to decrease zoonoticbacterial diseases to be not affected animal or human health.

The random uses of androgenic anabolic steroids such as dianabol (Alpha pharma)especially among young people and adolescent could have harmful effects on health.The aim of this study is to investigate the possible harmful effects of oraladministration of dianabol on the histology and hormones levels of the thyroid glandin female rats. The study was carried out in the animal house ( College ofveterinaryMedicine / University of Al-Qasim Green . Twenty four female rats(Rattus rattus ) were divided into 4 groups , three groups were given dianabol orallyat the concentrations of (0.05 , 0.1 , 0.2) mg/kgvrespectively on daily basis for sixweeks , and the fourth group, served as a control group, was injected by (0.9%Nacl).Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) wereestimate, Histological study included the histopathological changes in thyroid glandtissue. The results showed a significant increase (p&lt; 0.05) in the levels of TSH, T4,and T3 compared with the control group .This study also showed changes in thethyroid tissue that included hyperplasia of thyroid follicles, colloid material in mostfollicles, little or no increase in the size of follicles which suggest that increased doseof dianabol leads to pathological (Physiological and histological) changes noticeablein most of the studied criteria.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease ofcattle with significant economic burden. Our study is based on a questionnairedesigned to describe the epidemiological features keys of LSD in Basrah and toidentify putative risk factors. The information obtained from this questionnairespecifically included sex, age, vaccination status, clinical signs and the number ofdeath because of LSD in the cattle. This study was conducted from December 2018to May 2019, with a total of 251 cattle owners participated in the interview. Out of251 owners interviewed, 329 of their cattle were infected with LSD (accumulativeincidence estimated at 16.2%). The majority of owners (91.6%) admitted that theydid not segregate the infected animal from the rest of the herds. Respect to animalmanagement and farming system, the semi-intensive system of rearing animals wasthe most common farming system adapted by farmers (70%) while only 30% werekept under intensive system. The majority of the owners 97.2% (244/251) reportedthey were not received any vaccine of LSD. The mortality rate; however, measuredat 2% and the case-fatality rate measured at 11%. The abortion rate among infectedpregnant cows was calculated at 10.5%. The study concluded LSD is newlyemerging disease in Basrah and various preventative measures including restrictionillegal movement of animals, vector control, farm biosecurity and, vaccinationprogram need to be considered to prevent further new incidence cases

Two Hundred and fifty samples of cow's milk from different parts of theprovince of Basrah were collected from clinical and subclinical mastitis reportedusing the California mastitis test between March 2018 and September 2019 andexamined using conventional PCR assay, Candida species was identified in 116/250(46.4%). Based on conventional method and ID - Yst card system Vitek 2, Candidaalbicans was the predominant 60/116 (51.7%), followed by Candida parapsilosis15/116 (12.9%). Concerning the results of PCR amplification of 18S rRNA gene foridentification of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, this gene was present in 60 samplesin C. albicans, and in 15 of C. parapsilosis. Lactobacillus are an industriallyimportant group of probiotic organisms that play an important function in humanhealth through inhibiting dangerous and pathogenic bacteria growth, boostingimmune function, and increasing resistance to infection. Ten out of 250(4%)Lactobacillus isolates were obtained from apparently healthy cow milk samples.Lactobacillus isolates were identified according to phenotypic characterization andmolecular technique using PCR (16S rRNA) and sequencing, it was seen that L.acidophilus formed 5 isolates (50%), L.amylovorus was three (30%), while L.crisaptus formed only two (20%) only. The results of this study revealed that theBLAST analysis at the NCBI gene bank gave 99.39% homology with L. acidophilus,99.19% homology with L.crispatus and 97.59% with L. amylovorus. In vitroantimycotic activity of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus) against C. albicans and C.parapsilosis using agar well diffusion methods was adapted. The cell-free neutralizedsupernatant (CFS) of Lactobacilli (105,106,107) were inhibited the growth ofpathogenic C.albicans and C. parapsilosis. It was also noticed that, L. acidophilusshowed the strongest antifungal activities against pathogenic C. albicans andC.parapsilosis with different degrees of inhibition zones in comparsion with each ofL.crispatus and L. amylovorus, meanwhile, L. amylovorus revealed strongestantifungal activity against pathogenic C.parapsilosis.