Mycotoxicosis is a significant concern in the poultry industry worldwide, as it is caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that commonly contaminate animal feed. This review aims to explore various aspects of mycotoxicosis and its influences on domestic birds. It discusses the major mycotoxins affecting poultry, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins, and their sources of contamination, such as pre-harvest, post-harvest, and storage factors. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mycotoxicosis on avian health, including immune system suppression, gastrointestinal disturbances, reduced growth and development, and reproductive disorders, as well as its effects on egg quality and hatchability. Furthermore, it presents potential preventive and management strategies, such as implementing good agricultural practices, feed management and quality control, the use of mycotoxin binders and adsorbents, feed additives and supplementation, and veterinary interventions. The review emphasizes the importance of regulatory guidelines and monitoring programs to ensure food safety and mitigate mycotoxin-related issues. Overall, understanding the influences of mycotoxicosis in domestic birds is vital for implementing effective measures to prevent mycotoxin contamination and promote the health and productivity of poultry.

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species, with great economic importance infecting numerous species including small ruminants. The current study aimed to determine the occurrence of Eimeria subclinical infection in Sulaymaniyah provinces, during March 2021 to February 2022. A total of 260 fecal samples (152 sheep and 108 goats) were collected from small ruminants’ farms belong to four regions. Fecal floatation technique was applied for examination of fecal samples. Coprological examination revealed that Eimeria spp. parasitized the intestine of 133 animals with infection rate of 51.15%. Both sheep and goats represented subclinical coccidiosis with infection rates of 52.63% and 49.07% respectively. Mixed infection with more than one Eimeria spp. was dominant and found in sheep 60.00% and goats 40.00%. However, infection by single species was revealed in sheep 58.62% and goats 39.66% goats. The frequency of subclinical coccidiosis was higher among animals in Bakrajo 53.85%, and lower in Qaradagh 46.67%. The impacts of age on prevalence rate revealed that small aged animals harbored the higher infection rates of 65.45% and 62.86% in lambs and kids respectively. The represented data find out higher incidence of coccidiosis during the wet seasons of the year 56.8%. In the present study different Eimeria species was recognized, 9 species from sheep and 5 species from goats. It has been conducted that coccidiosis was a moderately common intestinal pathogen among sheep and goats in the study area.

A hydrophilic polyethylene glycol-based adhesion barrier (SprayGel™) was tested on intra-abdominal adhesion in conventional celiotomy in rabbits. Twenty healthy male rabbits of the local breed were randomly divided into two equal groups: control and treatment. All the experimental rabbits were first subjected to mid-line conventional celiotomy under general anesthesia. The ascending colon was tracked out of the laparotomy opening, and a sterile soft toothbrush was used mechanically to abrase its serosal and subserosal layers. Before closing the celiotomy opening, 2 ml of sterile saline solution was applied intraperitoneally into the abdominal cavities of the control group. SprayGel™ was applied to the test rabbits' abraded colons before their closures. Postmortem examinations were performed on the 14th and 21st postoperative days to assess intraperitoneal gross pathological changes, and biopsies were collected for histopathological examinations. The macromorphological and micromorphological examinations showed mild postoperative intra-abdominal adhesion changes in the treatment compared to the control. This was confirmed by significantly lowered gross intra-abdominal adhesion scores with the slightest micromorphological changes in the SprayGel™-treated rabbits. Higher scores of gross transperitoneal adhesions were observed in the control rabbits. In addition, histopathological changes were seen as serosal scars, consisting of raised areas of fibrous tissue replacing the muscularis layer of the mechanically abraded ascending colon, often to the submucosa level. SprayGel™ was an effective barrier substance to reduce intra-abdominal adhesions following celiotomy and experimentally induced mechanical serosal and subserosal abrasions to the ascending colon in rabbits.

This study investigated the impact of sodium hyaluronate and platelet-rich fibrin on the healing process of symphyseal fractures in cats. To conduct this study, 30 adult male cats were utilized and divided into three groups (10 cats each). The groups consisted of a control group (no treatment), a sodium hyaluronate group (treated with sodium hyaluronate gel at the fracture site), and a sodium hyaluronate combined with platelet-rich fibrin group (treated with a mixture of sodium hyaluronate gel and platelet-rich fibrin at the fracture site). The symphysis fractures were induced via a surgical scalpel, and the fractures were then fixed using a cerclage wire. The cats were observed clinically on the first, second, third, and seventh days following the surgery, and Histopathological assessments were conducted 42 days after the surgery. The study showed improvement in the disappearance of swelling in the fracture area among the treated groups. Interestingly, cats were observed to regain the use of their jaws just three days post-surgery, which was not seen in the control group. Histological findings indicate complete fracture healing in the Sodium Hyaluronate-Platelet Rich Fibrin (SH&PRF) group, with active bone remodeling, cartilaginous callus formation, and peripheral fibrous reaction without inflammation. The SH&PRF group showed more active chondrocytes and endochondral ossification than the SH and control groups, suggesting better bone repair results. The study suggests that Sodium Hyaluronate and platelet-rich fibrin composite effectively promote and accelerate wound healing.

This study was conducted at the slaughterhouse of Basra Governorate in southern Iraq, where 44 uteri were collected from local cows (5-6 years of age) from March 2023 to April 2023. The results showed 11(25%) cases of adenomyosis from total (44) cases of affected cows' reproductive systems. In macroscopic examination, the uteri appeared slightly swollen. At the same time, a microscopic examination revealed the presence of glands in the uterine muscle layer. The endometrial layer was partially observed in the myometrium under the microscope. Natural, benign endometrial islands composed of glands and stroma were found deep within the muscle layer. In addition, muscular hypertrophy occurs alongside it. Myometrial, and many blood vessels and muscle hypertrophy have emerged in the tumour's latter stages, causing a change in the structure of the endometrial glands.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium of humans and other mammals that is becoming more clinically and veterinary important due to its fast development of antibiotic resistance. Some of these S. aureus varieties are methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which is common in healthcare organizations, community settings, and livestock farms across the world. Beyond humans, MRSA has the potential to live in other animal species, which could result in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial agent resistance in various animal species. Vancomycin is a type of antibiotic classified as a final resort option, employed to address severe infections instigated by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin remains among the primary choices for the initial treatment of MRSA infections. During the past few years, there has been an emergence of Staphylococcus aureus strains exhibiting strong resistance to vancomycin. The vanA gene cluster, obtained from vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, eases the transfer of vancomycin resistance in S. aureus. In terms of likely transfer routes, underlying mechanisms, and consequences of methicillin and vancomycin resistance from animals to humans and vice versa, this review aims to highlight the Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)and vancomycin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) issues.

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This study investigates the effects of Aspergillus meal prebiotic on a spectrum of parameters, including productive performance, bone mineralization, and intestinal integrity, in broiler chickens. Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 by-product male chicks (320 total) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (G1 and G2) in floor pens (150×300 cm), each pen containing separate feeders and watering systems (8 replicates per treatment, 20 birds/pen). Chickens kept in G1 (control) were fed a basal diet, while those of G2 (treated) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.2% PRI-A-FERM. Performance parameters, including body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were evaluated weekly from the 7th day to the end of the trial at 42 d. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) was administered via oral gavage to 3 chickens/replicate (n = 24), and blood was collected on 21d and on 42d to determine serum concentration of FITC-d as a biomarker to evaluate intestinal permeability and peptide YY as an indirect biomarker to evaluate short chain fatty acids. Chickens that received the \\textit{Aspergillus} meal prebiotic showed a significant increase in BW, BWG, and FI on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 (P

The present study assessed the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic CLOSTAT, alone or in combination with Aviboost® supplement, on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response in broiler chickens. A total of 600 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into three groups: G1 (non-treated negative control group), G2 (probiotic CLOSTAT®- and Aviboost®-treated group), and G3 (probiotic CLOSTAT®-treated group). Feed intake and mean body weight were measured weekly for all groups. Sera were collected for cytokine analysis, and duodenal samples were also collected for histomorphological examination. The results revealed that the mean body weight gain was significantly increased to 2.25 and 2.2 kg/bird in G2 and G3, respectively, compared to 1.95 kg/bird in G1. Similarly, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved to 1.56 and 1.59 in G2 and G3, respectively, compared to 1.8 in G1. Serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-6 protein concentrations were significantly increased in G2 and G3 compared to G1. Furthermore, the absorptive cells of the villi revealed structural changes, including hyperplasia and increased goblet cell population and microvilli height, in G2 and G3 compared to G1. The lamina propria of duodenal villi in G2 and G3 showed increased cellularity at 22 days of age. In conclusion, concurrent supplementation of CLOSTAT® and Aviboost® to broiler chickens slightly improved the body weight gain and FCR but did not exhibit synergistic or additive effects on intestinal morphology and systemic immune response

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a severe infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) and infects goats, sheep, and wild ruminants. CCPP is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates reaching up to (100% and 80%), respectively. The disease affects goat farming around the globe in more than 30 countries, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. CCPP is manifested in peracute, acute, or chronic forms. The general characteristic clinical signs of the disease are rapid, painful, and labored respiration, dyspnea, nasal discharge, coughing, hyperthermia (41°C), anorexia, emaciation, and abnormal posture. Lesions induced by CCPP are restricted to the pleural cavity in the form of unilateral serofibrinous, pleuropneumonia, accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity, lung congestion, hepatization, formation of adhesion to the pleural coastal, and swollen mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes. Disease diagnosis encompasses a range of methods, including bacterial culture, isolation, and identification, pathological, serological, and molecular tests. The present review provides an overview of the historical perspective, epidemiological factors, and recommended diagnostic and control strategies for CCPP in Oman.