Pathogens causing significant respiratory disease in growing pigs include Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Porcine circovirus 2, swine influenza virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The objective of this research was to characterize the respiratory excretion of these pathogens by acutely infected pigs. Pigs were inoculated under experimental conditions with 1 pathogen. Samples were collected from the upper respiratory tract and exhaled air. All pathogens were detected in swabs of the upper respiratory tract, but only M. hyopneumoniae and B. bronchiseptica were detected in expired air from individually sampled, acutely infected pigs. These findings suggest either that the acutely infected pigs did not aerosolize the viruses or that the quantity of virus excreted was below the detection threshold of current sampling or assay systems, or both, at the individual-pig level.

Objective-To inoculate white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during the sixth or seventh week of gestation with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and observe for signs of reproductive tract disease during a 182-day period. Animals-10 pregnant white-tailed deer (8 seronegative and 2 seropositive [control deer] for BVDV). Procedures-Deer were inoculated with 1 of 2 deer-derived BVDV strains (RO3-20663 or RO3-24272). Serum anti-BVDV antibody titers were determined prior to and 21 or 35 days after inoculation. Virus isolation (VI) procedures were performed on tissues from fetuses and does that died and on blood samples collected from live fawns. Ear notch specimens obtained from live fawns were assessed by use of BVDV antigen-capture ELISA (ACE). Results-Both RO3-20663-inoculated seropositive deer gave birth to apparently normal fawns. Among the RO3-24272-inoculated seronegative deer, 1 died, and 1 aborted and 1 resorbed their fetuses; among the RO3-20663-inoculated seronegative deer, 3 died, 1 aborted its fetus, and 1 gave birth to 2 fawns that were likely persistently infected. On the basis of VI and ACE results, those 2 fawns were positive for BVDV; both had no detectable neutralizing anti-BVDV antibodies in serum. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Reproductive tract disease that developed in pregnant white-tailed deer following BVDV inoculation was similar to that which develops in BVDV-exposed cattle. Methods developed for BVDV detection in cattle (VI, immunohistochemical evaluations, and ACE) can be applied in assessments of white-tailed deer. Fawns from does that had serum anti-BVDV antibodies prior to inoculation were protected against BVDV infection in utero.

It is suggested that Haemophilus paragallinarum requires at least three haemagglutinins for adhesion during infection. This paper reports the partial purification and characterization of the HA-L haemagglutinin from H. paragallinarum strain 46-C3, a heat sensitive, trypsin sensitive haemagglutinin that has been shown to be the serovar specific haemagglutinin in this organism. Using the pi and molecular mass obtained, it was shown that this protein shares similarities with other types of adhesins found in Gram-negative bacteria. The haemagglutination assay conditions were optimized at pH 7.5 at 37 °C. It was also shown that activity is enhanced by the addition of Ca²+ and Mn²+ ions.

In three trials conducted on two separate farms the production of sheep treated for naturally acquired haemonchosis using the FAMACHA© system of targeted selective treatment (TST) (i.e. to treat only those animals unable to manage unaided in the face of heavy Haemonchus challenge) was compared to that of suppressively drenched sheep in the same flock. As expected by the research team who developed and evaluated the FAMACHA© system, TST did result in some loss in production. However, despite high levels of worm challenge in two of the trials and the fact that the comparison was with suppressive drenching which is not sustainable, the total effect was relatively small in relation to the important advantage of using the TST as regards reduced selection for anthelmintic resistance (AR). Concerning the sustainability of worm control, it is concluded that the development of drug resistance to anthelmintics leaves sheep and goat farmers in South Africa no choice but to use methods of TST such as FAMACHA©. The FAMACHA© system can also be a useful clinical aid for early on-farm detection of AR by farmers; the degree of improvement in the colour of the ocular mucous membrane from pale to red in individually drenched anaemic animals over a period of 7-14 days can give a good indication of the efficacy of the compound(s) used.

The effect of pancuronium bromide (0.025 mg/kg. B.W.) alone or combined with diazepam (1mg/Kg. I.V) were evaluated in six adult ewes. Pancuronium bromide alone exhibited a muscle relaxants effect, but without analgesia. All baseline measurements were taken before the administration the anesthetic agent and were repeated at 5,10,15,20 and 25 min. intervals after induction an aesthesia alone or combination with diazepam . it was found that heart rate decreased at 5 min.,but respiratory rate did change at 5-25 min. and it was significantly at 15,20 and 25 min. Pancuronium bromide – diazepam combination is responsible for declined respiratory rate and decumbency position in early stage. Pancuronium bromide – diazepam induce effective and safe an aesthesia for periods 45 minutes, due to competitive diazepam as a sedative effect of muscle relaxation. Adequate strength and duration of analgesia due to prevent impulse transmission histamine and ensured rapid and safe recovery

Fifty liver and lung samples (25 for each) were examend for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus . The rate of S. aureus isolates were 60 and 56% in livers and lungs respectively. Identification of S. aureus isolates were performed by studying, it's cultural characteristics on mannitol salt agar and testing their pathogenicity factors (Coagulase, haemolysis and B-lactmase production), 72.4% of isolates were coagulase positive, 58.6% were β-lactamase producer, 62.1% were β-haemolytic and 37.9% were α-haemolytic. There was a difference in the ablity of S. aureus isolates to produce B-lactamase concerning the time of decolourization when iodometric assay was used.

Dichlorvos is one of organophosphate insect pesticides which is widely distributed in environment. This study deals with the effect of this pesticide on sperms number , sperm abnormalities and spermatogenesis in laboratory male mice (Mus musculus L.) which were treated with (0.1 mg/day , 0.05 mg/day ) of the pesticide for a period of 15 day. intraperitoneal injection of Dichlorvos in laboratory mice resulted in a significant decrease in sperms number with both doses as compared with the control group. The result also showed a significant increase of sperm abnormalities with both doses. Moreover, pesticide injection caused a significant decrease in spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte with both doses whereas the statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in tubular diameter when compared with the control group.

The effect of aspirin( non steroidal anti-inflammtory drug a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) as antifungal has been studied against some opportunistic fungi : Aspergillus flavus , A. niger , A. terreus ,Cryptococcus neoformans, Penicillium sp . and Trichoderma sp. Aspirin was showed a potent activity against all tested fungi in vitro . Aspirin gives the greatest effects in a concentration of 1000 µg , 2000 µg and 3000 µg causing 100% inhibition .

The offal’s of (380) slaughtered camels were examined for Hydatidsis in Najaf abattoir between January and December (2002). The total incidence of infection was (17.9%) and it was much higher in older camels (19.23%) while it was (9.16%) in younger ones. The distribution of cysts in lungs, livers, and spleens was (16.5%), (1.57%), and (0.53%) respectively. The fertility rate was (50.2%) which reflect their significance in the epidemiology of the parasite and reveal that those dromedaries Hydatidosis could play a significant role in the epidemiology of infection