As from 2001, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has embarked on a course to deepen regional integration through restructuring. Under the new structure SADC has centralised the coordination of its activities to the Secretariat in Gaborone. The former Sector Coordinating Units have been merged into four directorates, one of which is the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) Directorate, which comprises, amongst others, the Livestock Development Unit (LDU). The LDU, under the aegis of the FANR, formulates policies for regional livestock development in order to respond to the objectives of the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), and which are mainly to: • Contribute to improved food security. • Promote wealth creation. • Enhance rural livelihood. • Enhance livestock as a tradable and consumable commodity. Following the launch of the SADC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) negotiations, the eight SADC EPA member states identified sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade to be major trade barriers for access to international markets, especially the EU market where standards are normally set beyond international standards. SADC has already brought some of the issues related to beef exports to the OIE Regional Commission for Africa as SADC member states feel that a few of the present requirements do not have a scientific basis. The paper discusses the process that the LDU follows in the formulation of policies and strategies in regional livestock development with the objective of bolstering intra and extra regional trade in livestock and livestock products.

One hundred (urine & blood ) samples were collected from Al-Fayhaahospital patients with UTI from July 2006 to July 2007. Eighty one patients weresuffered from diabetic, the levels of blood sugar were ( 100 - 350 mg / dl. ) for fastingpatients and( 200- 500 mg / dL. ) for random test . Nineteen patients were notdiabetic. General Urine Examination ( GUE ) and urine culture were done forsamples, eighty-three samples were positive to bacterial culture. The bacteria wereidentified by biochemical tests ( catalase, oxidase, IMVIC tests, H2S production,urease, coagulase und growth in 6.5 % NaCl) after Gram stain and motility test. Theresults showed that (37) isolates were E. coli, (20) Staphylococcus aureus, (16 ) forKlebsiella pneumonia, (7)for Proteus Sp., (5) Staphylococcus epidermidis,(5)Pseudomonas aureoginosa and Enterococcus faecalis (3). GUE showed that 94patients have pus cells , crystal, uric acid and amorphous crystal that provide UTI. Inconclusion the study showed that the patients with a history of chronic diabetes (2-25)years developed UTI.INTRODUCTION

The present study was designed to investigate the sedative anaesthetic activity of a combination of Xylazine (X), Fentanyl (F) and Ketamine (K) in local domestic pigeons. Twelve pigeons of either sex were used. The combination of (X) and (K) were administered as pre-medication to induce sedation. Fiften minutes, after (X+F) administration, (K) was injected. All drugs were injected into the pectoral muscles. The anaesthetic effect of these drugs was reversed by injection of Yohambine (Y) and Naloxone (N) combination subcutaneously. The sedative and anesthetic activity of the (X+F-K) combination and, alterations in heart rate (RR), Respiratory rate (RR) and cloacal temperature (CT) were investigated at 10 minute before (X+F) injection, 10 and 15 minute after (X+F) administration, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 minutes, after (K) injection and at 1, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 60 minutes after (Y+N) injection. The HR, RR and CT of pigeon decreased within 10 minute after (X+F) injection and remained lower until its improvement after (Y-N) injection. The drugs combination used in this study produced a satisfactory general anaesthesia in ten of the twelve pigeons. The (Y-N) combination was an effective reverse that provide safe recovery from this anaesthetic protocol in pigeons.

The isolate of Alternaria alternata that isolated from soil produced extracellularsecondary metabolites (Mycotoxin) of carbohydrate with reducing nature which hadinhibitory effect against Gm positive & Gm negative standard and pathogenic bacteria insolid media. Three types of media Malt Extract Agar (MEA), Potato Dextrose Agar(PDA) and Potato Carrot Agar (PCA) can be using as solid or liquid media for productionthis mycotoxin. The mycotoxin extracted from free cell supernatant by simple extractionmethod using ethanol 90%. The cytotoxicity of extracted mycotoxin against human bloodcells (RBCs) was (25) ppm. The acute toxicity of extracted toxin as determined by LD50of laboratory mice was 150 mg/kg.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of human chorionic gonadotophic (HCG), 17β-estradiol and hydrocortisone on some blood parameters and body weight in female rabbits. Twenty local rabbits were subdivided randomly and equally into four groups . The1st group used as control . The 2nd group was injected daily (30 IU /kg B.W) HCG intramuscularly . The 3rd group was injected subcutaneously daily with 0.1 mg /kg B.W s/c 17 β-estradiol and the 4th group was injected daily 0.1 mg /kg B.W intramuscularly hydrocortisone. After five weeks blood serum was tested for total Cholesterol, HDL(height density lipo-protein), LDL (low density lipo- protein),TG (triglycerides), total protein and pH. Body weight was taken dialy from first day . The results showed that the administration of HCG raised high significantly LDL(p>0.01) while total Cholesterol , TG, glucose failed to reach the significant level, .However HCG significantly lowered HDL (p>0.01) Total protein and body weight were decreased with no change in blood pH compared with the control group. The treatment with 17β-estradiol decreased the level of cholesterol , , TG and lowered significantly HDL(p 0.05 >and increased significantly LDL (p > ( 0.05. Glucose and total protein were increased with no significant effect on body weight and pH compared with the control group. While hydrocortisone increased ,HDL ,TG ,LDL and glucose and decreased cholesterol and total protein level moreover body weight and pH did n,t effected

The local Streptomyces sp. strain showed an ability to produce antimicrobial metabolite active against standard strains, in primary and secondary screening. The produced antibiotic was extracted, purified and identified as a peptide antibiotic produced about 1.4g/L in 7 days incubation period, and its LD50 was 5500. There was an inverse effect for orange acridine dye on the grown colonies number of S. sp., the 28 g/ml dye concentration was chosen as the best concentration because it led to colonies killing by 95%. Plasmid DNA extracted from S. sp. and then transformed to E. coli pBR 322, the E. coli pBR 322 showed negative results against the standard strains in primary screening before plasmid DNA transformation, while transformed E. coli pBR322 showed positive results. The antibiotic produced by trans. E. coli pBR322 was extracted, purified and identified by the same ways, which gave the same antibiotic produced by S. sp. with an increase of 2.2 g/L in the quantity and shorter period of time (2 days).

The present study was conducted on (40) white mice of approximately the same age (4-6 weeks) and body weight (23-25 gm) for the aim of observing the histopathological changes for male and female reproductive organs due to prolonged treatment (6 months) with anticancer chemotherapeutic agent namely methotrexate.Forty mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice of each group 5 mice per sex). The first group (low or therapeutic dose group ) was received 0.15 mg/kg B.W. The second group ( intermediate dose group ) received 0.3 mg/kg B.W. The third group ( toxic dose group ) received 0.45 mg/kg B.W. the fourth group was a control group; it received 0.2 ml buffered physiological saline.All these groups injected intramuscularly, once weekly for 6 months. The results showed that methotrexate can cause suppression of spermatogenesis. In female, methotrexate can cause obvious pathological changes in uteri and ovaries such as reduced endometrial glands and ovarian follicles respectively

The present work was down on the penises of immature camel of 3-36 month of age. This work is done to investigate the stepes and method of the separation between the free end of the penis and its sheath to forming the preputial cavity.

In this study , 80 clinical samples collected from patients including wound, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid and isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were identified . The inhibitory effects of ethyl alcohol extracts and solasodine compound of Solanum nigrum were tested on clinical isolates of the wound included: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethyl alcohol extract showed inhibitory activity on all tested bacterial Spp . All the activities were compared with a tetracycline.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the Solasodine were 8, 6, 4, 8 mg/ml respectively for S. aureus , S. epidermidis , E. coli and P. aeruginosa respectively .The results lend scientific credence to justify the use of the Solasodine compound against bacterial isolates of the wounds and some bacterial diseases