Objective: The study is aimed to understand the antibacterial sensitivity of native and Indian varieties of garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) crude extracts against multi¬drug-resistant (MDR) poultry pathogen (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.). Materials and Methods: Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is used to identify the target spices' bioactive antibacterial compounds. MDR E. coli and Salmonella sp. were isolated from poultry. The TLC-Bioautography technique was applied to explore the antibacterial potentiality of garlic and ginger. Results: Inhibitory activities of garlic were Zone of inhibition (ZI) = 14.03 ± 0.15 mm and 19.70 ± 0.36 mm, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 0.625 and 0.325 mg/ml, and ginger were ZI = 14.63 ± 0.30 mm and 11.56 ± 0.51mm, MIC: 9.0 mg/ml against E. coli and Salmonella sp., respec¬tively. Two bands of garlic (Rf value = 0.31 and 0.50) and one band of ginger (Rf value = 0.71) showed inhibitory potential in TLC-Bioautography against both MDR isolates. Conclusion: Garlic and ginger were effective against MDR E. coli and Salmonella sp. These spices could be a suitable alternative during the antibiotic void. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 151-156]

Objectives: The study aimed to account for baseline biometrical and histomorphometric testicu¬lar changes in Black Bengal goats during postnatal development. Materials and Methods: Black Bengal goats, divided into group I of VII; day 0; 1, 2 weeks; 1, 2, 4, and 6 months of age, respectively, were used in this study. Results: The biometrical and histomorphometric values of the testis varied significantly (p < 0.05) from postnatal 1–2 months. From day 0 to 2 months, seminiferous tubules, called sex cords, contained simply peripherally placed Sertoli cells and centrally placed gonocytes. Gonocytes, posi¬tioned in the center, moved centrifugally in the direction of the basement membrane of sex cords with the advancement of age, transformed into prespermatogonia, and were distributed among the Sertoli cells at the edge of sex cords that make up the basal cell layer in nearly all of the sem¬iniferous tubules by 2 months after birth. Initiation of spermatogenesis, i.e., stratification and lumination of seminiferous epithelium, took place in the 4th months. At 6 months, all types of spermatogenic cells had been identified. The onset of puberty, i.e., the establishment of sper¬matogenesis, was noticed to have been established at 6 months of postnatal age in Black Bengal goats, as shown by the spermatozoa that were adhered to the ad luminal border of the Sertoli cells and also in the tubular lumen. Conclusion: This research is the first to document the varying biometrical and histomorphometric measurements of the testis in Black Bengal goats from birth to puberty. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 237-243]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the diversity of phenotypic characteristics of female Alabio ducks (Anas platyrhynchos Borneo) and their eggs in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 18-month-old ducks and 300 eggs were selected using a survey method with multistage random sampling. These samples were obtained from two dis¬tricts in the province of South Kalimantan [Banjar (BJ) districts and Tanah Laut (TL)]. The observed data were analyzed descriptively with variations using the independent t-test for each location. Principal component analysis (PCA) was deployed to assess the overall variance and define vari¬ables with greater discriminatory power between individuals. Results: The observations on the body's physical characteristics and the eggs of Alabio ducks showed significant differences between ducks from BJ and TL areas (p < 0.05) except for yolk diam¬eter, albumen height, albumen index, and Haugh unit (HU) (p > 0.05). Most egg quality traits from BJ were greater than those from TL, which include egg weight, egg length, egg width, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and egg shape index. The PCA revealed medium-to-high communalities in the phenotypic body characteristics of Alabio ducks and their eggs. Conclusion: Significant physical characteristics and egg quality differences were found between the two locations, except for the albumen index and HU, with substantial variability within each trait. These traits could explain the total variation in the phenotypic characteristics of female Alabio ducks. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 249-256]

Objective: This study was conducted to establish a rat model of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pul¬monary fibrosis (AE-IPF) using the combination of bleomycin (BLM) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Materials and Method: Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into two equal groups: the sham or the bleomycin and lipopolysaccharides-induced AE-IPF group (BLM-LPS). On Day 7, BLM intratracheally and LPS intraperitoneally were both used to administer AE-IPF. The BLM-LPS group and its respective sham group were terminated on Days 8, 14, or 21. Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs were taken and investigated for cell count and histopathology. Results: On Day 8, histological analysis revealed inflammatory cell infiltration with edema and hyaline membrane, and the BALF differential cell count revealed high neutrophil counts. By having a higher collagen density area and Ashcroft modified score than the sham group on Day 14, the BLM-LPS group displayed significantly lower oxygen saturation, alveolar air area, and a fibrotic appearance. However, there was a spontaneous resolution in inflammation and fibrotic appearance on Day 21 after the BLM administration. Conclusions: By combining BLM and LPS, it was possible to create a successful rat model of AE-IPF. The present model showed the peak exacerbation on Day 8 and the fibrotic peak on Day 14, which gradually improved. The optimal time for the new AE-IPF therapeutic intervention was determined to be between Days 8 and 14. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 196-204]

Objective: The research aimed to isolate, adapt to cell culture, and characterize the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from clinically infected cattle in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: From September 2019 to June 2020, 37 skin nodules and skin swabs were aseptically collected from afflicted cattle in the outbreak regions of Jhenaidah and Kishoreganj in Bangladesh. The LSDV was isolated from embryonated specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs along the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route and the Vero cell line after several blind pas¬sages. The viral attachment protein was targeted for molecular detection using polymerase chain reactions (PCR). For phylogenetic analysis, PCR-positive products were partially sequenced. Results: The virus was evident in the cell line, showed cytopathic effects after the 13 blind pas¬sage, and on the CAM of SPF chicken eggs, exhibited thickening of the CAM with pock-like lesions. A total of 12 samples (32.43%) tested positive for LSDV by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the present isolates (accession numbers MN792649 and MN792650) revealed 100% similarity with strains from India (MN295064), Kenya (AF325528, MN072619, KX683219), Greece (KY829023), Serbia (KY702007), and Kazakhstan (MN642592); moreover, 99.43% to 100% similarity to the sheep pox virus. Conclusion: Partially sequenced LSDV was developed as a vaccine seed and was first isolated in Bangladesh and characterized at the molecular level.

Objective: This study sought to determine the occurrence, molecular identification, antimicrobi¬al-resistant trends, and gene distribution of Staphylococcus aureus in pet cats and their owners' hand swabs. Materials and Methods: From different places and clinics in Mymensingh and Dhaka, 168 pet cat samples and 42 hand swab samples from cat owners were obtained. The organisms were scruti¬nized by assessing the outcomes using conventional and molecular techniques. The disc diffusion technique was applied to find the resistance pattern against 12 antibiotics, and genes were dis¬covered by targeting specific genes using PCR. Results: The occurrence of pathogenic S. aureus in pet cats was 7.74%, while it was 9.50% in pet owners' hand swabs, and 25.0% of the pet owner's hand swabs contained these genes. Staphylococcus aureus was utterly resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefixime, erythromycin, and imipenem in both pet cat and hand swabs of pet owner samples. All S. aureus isolates had a multi¬drug-resistant phenotype, and 1 from pet cats (O19) and 1 from pet owner hand swabs (H9) were resistant to all 12 antibiotics in the 7 antimicrobial classes. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were detected by PCR. Conclusion: The study confirmed multidrug-resistant pathogenic S. aureus in pet cats and their owners in Bangladesh, indicating a major health risk to both people and cats. Thus, a holistic and integrated one-health approach between veterinary and medical specialists is needed to mitigate the global distribution of these zoonotic antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains.

Objective: Several reports on the effects of zeolite (ZEO) inclusion in diets for feedlot lamb diets have indicated improvements in dietary energy efficiency and decreases in internal fat. Inclusion levels and the type of zeolite used have been the main focus of those reports. However, the possible effect of the zeolite particle size on the growth performance and carcass characteristics has not yet been investigated. Material and Methods: Forty-eight male intact Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs were fed for 67 days with a high-energy diet supplemented with ZEO as follows: 1) basal diet 0% ZEO (control); 2) basal diet 3% ZEO particle size 250 μM (sieve 60); 3) basal diet 3% ZEO particle size 149 μM (sieve 100); and 4) basal diet 3% ZEO particle size 74 μM (sieve 200). ZEO replaced corn grain and soybean meal in equal parts. At the end of feeding, lambs were slaughtered, and variables such as carcass characteristics and visceral mass were evaluated. Results: Particle size did not affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, or visceral mass. The inclusion of ZEO reduced 3.4% of dietary net energy in diets but did not affect dry matter intake or average daily gain, thus improving (p ≤ 0.05) dietary energy efficiency by 2.9%. Except for an 18.9% reduction (p = 0.02) in visceral mass fat, ZEO did not affect other carcass characteristics or visceral organ mass. Conclusion: The particle size studied in the present experiment has not affected any of the vari¬ables of growth performance or carcass characteristics. ZEO inclusion could be a strategy to reduce the visceral fat in finishing lambs.

Objective: The present study analyzed the seminal plasma proteome and possible relationships between proteins and semen quality in azoospermic and normal Simmental bulls. Materials and Methods: Fresh semen plasma samples from the Lembang Artificial Insemination Center were used for this study, including one bull (76´ ejaculate) with very poor semen quality/ azoospermia (poor fresh semen/infertile; PFS) and three bulls with normal semen quality (normal fresh semen; NFS) for proteomic analysis using a pooled system (NFS-Stud) (60´ ejaculate). The only males obtained with very low quality or azoospermia (PFS) had sperm motility of

Probiotics are live bacteria beneficial to health when consumed adequately. Health professionals now recommend probiotics on regular diets due to their positive effects on human health. The probiotics that are usually consumed from the market through food products are mostly dairy-based. Fruit and vegetables are gaining popularity as preferred matrices for probiotic carriers to the human body, owing to their high cholesterol content and the lactose intolerance of dairy products. On the other hand, fruits and vegetable juices are rich in nutrient content such as vita¬mins, minerals, and antioxidants and do not contain a starter culture that can compete with the nutrients. The probiotication of fruit and vegetable juices (apple, carrot, citrus fruit, pomegranate, watermelon, tomato, and pineapple) are performing as efficient probiotic bacteria carriers. This review covers the previous works that highlighted the variety of probiotic fruit and vegetable juices as well as the viability of each probiotic in various products after proper fermentation and storage. In addition, physicochemical and sensory changes that occurred during the processing and storage period have been discussed. Furthermore, strategies (microencapsulation, adding prebiotics, antioxidant addition, maintaining optimum pH, temperature, adaptation with resis¬tance, and good packaging) to improve the stability of probiotic bacteria are outlined, as it is difficult to maintain the stability of probiotic bacteria during storage. Finally, the manuscript discusses the effect of probiotic fruit and vegetable juices on human health.

Objective: This study was designed to show the effect of adding different levels of microbial (lab-produced) and commercial xanthan (CX) for 30 days on the sensory, chemical, and microbiological parameters of mozzarella cheese (MC). Materials and Methods: The production of xanthan was done in Garcia–Ochoa's medium. The sensory evaluation of the examined MC was achieved through a tabulated scorecard. The Gerber method was used for the determination of MC fat%. The mean counts of staphylococci [colony forming unit (CFU)/gm], coliforms (most probable number/gm), fungi (CFU/gm), and mesophilic bacteria (CFU/gm) were estimated in different fortified cheeses. Also, mean counts of Escherichia coli O157 and Staphylococcus aureus in artificially contaminated MC were determined. Results: The microbial xanthan (MX) had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the sensory parameters of the examined samples with its concentration (0.0007%) after 20 days of storage. The MX (0.0005%) and CX (0.0002%) had a significant effect on moisture, fat in dry matter, and protein percentage of MC throughout the storage period. The high meltability degree of MC was observed in samples with both types of xanthan (0.0002%) at the end of storage. Conclusion: Both types of xanthan at all concentrations had a significant reducing effect on E. coli O157 and S. aureus in all samples from 10 to 30 days of storage. Xanthan has accepted attentiveness and offers beneficial and safe characteristics that improve its adaptability in MC. In the Middle East, this survival trial of E. coli O157 and S. aureus in the MC supplemented by xanthan is considered a scarce exploratory investigation.