Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease which has worldwide importance and is hard to control and treat. Researchers have not yet developed a protective vaccine for humans in the light of current studies. Various experimental animal models are being used since; i) Leishmania has different species and vectors, ii) there are still many clinical, pathological and immunological issues that have to be investigated, iii) new non-toxic medical recipes to have maximum yield in a short time have to be investigated, iv) protective vaccination have to be developed. Mouse, hamster, dog, rodent, and non-human primates are among these animal models. None of them has the same clinical features, pathogenesis and immunology with the disease in human. However, rodents, dogs, and monkeys, which are the last host of the parasite, are among the most preferred models in recent days. Considering the different clinical forms of the disease, it is best to decide which Leishmania species to work with which animal. This review is intended to guide the researchers in choosing an appropriate animal model for leishmaniasis studies.

This study was carried out in Sids Agricultural Research Station belonging to Animal Production Research Institute in Beni-Suef governorate on a total number of forty apparently healthy ewe lambs with average weight of 28±0.5 kg to clarify the effect of shearing as a stressor on comfort, feeding and social behaviour and blood cortisol level. Ewe lambs were divided into three groups, the first one (n=10) is shorn at spring, the second (n=10) is shorn in autumn and the third (n=20) is kept as a control. Results showed that there was no significant difference in patterns of comfort behaviour between shorn and unshorn ewes except for grooming behaviour which was significantly (p<0.01) increased in shorn than unshorn groups. Blood cortisol level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in ewes shorn in spring and autumn at time of shearing (zero minute) than pre-treatment (-20 minutes) and post-treatment time (3 hours following shearing). So the cortisol measurements is a useful indicator of short-term stresses from handling or husbandry procedures such as shearing.

Thirty apparently healthy lambs with average weight and age of 5.8±0.5 kg and 15±1.6 days respectively were chosen in Sids Agricultural Research Station belonging to Animal Production Research Institute in Beni-Suef governorate to investigate the effect of castration and docking on maintenance behaviour and blood cortisol level during and after such operations. Lambs were classified into castration (n=10), docking (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The results revealed that castration and docking could significantly affect the behaviours of standing idle, recumbency, sleep, suckling and ingestion in lambs. Moreover, blood cortisol level was significantly (p<0.05) increased after operation in castrated and docked lambs as compared to the time before, at operation and 3 hours after operation.

A number of 50 Ardeola ibis ibis birds were found harboring six nematodes species; Tetrameres species, Microtteramere species, Synhimantus invaginatus, Synhimantus equispeculatus, Ascaridia species, Paracamallanus species,and five species of trematodes; Euclinostomum heterostomum, Nephrostomum ramosum, Apharyngostrigea ibis, Apatemon gracilis and Centrocestus armatus. The most common infection by nematodes was (46%) in which highest infection rate Synhimantus invaginatus recorded (30 %) while the trematode infection was (24 %) and Apatemon gracilis was the most prevalent (16 %). Experimental infection of buff backed heron by encysted metacercaria (EMC) and exysted metacercaria (ExMC) of Clinostomum complanatum from freshwater fish Tilapia nilotica, resulted in adult worms formed after 6 days. Where the infection by EMC recorded higher worm burden (14-18 worm) and hatching percent (78%) while the infection by ExMC gave lower worm burden (7-10 worm / bird ) and hatching (48 %). In the present study, it is worthy to mention that buff backed heron act as final host model for Clinostomum complanatum and this will be helpful in further biological and immunological studies for this trematode to decrease its economic losses in fish intermediate host.Fifty random samples of Kareish cheese were collected from different localities in Bani-suef Governorate. All samples were examined chemically for acidity, salt and moisture percent and bacteriologicaly for the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococci, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella and Shigella species. The obtained results revealed that the mean values of acidity, salt and moisture % were 1.63 ± 0.095,3.55 ± 0.299 and 58.54 ± 0.599 in the examined kareish cheese samples, respectively.Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococci, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens were recovered from 16 (32%), 12(24%), 46 (92%), 25 (50 %) and 3 (6%) with a mean value of 4.86x102 ±4.21x10 2, 4.84x 10 5 ± 2.91x10 5, 3.74x10 6±1.55x10 6, 7.08x10 4±2.61x10 4 and 9.5x10 1 ± 7.37x10 1 of the examined samples , respectively. Yersinia enterocolitica could be isolated from 12% of the examined samples. Salmonella and Shigella species could not be detected in any of the examined samples. The isolated Escherichia coli were examined for serological identification, Enterotoxigenicity and the susceptibility of the isolated serovars to various chemotherapeutic agents. The public health significance and economical importance of the isolated organisms and the recommendations to be followed in the processing, handling and storage of such dairy product were discussed

The objective of the present work was to investigate the anatomical and histological structures of haemolymph nodes in the adult water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Methodology: the morphology of haemolymph nodes from 5 adult water deer was studied by gross inspection and by histological methods. Results: the haemolymph nodes were determined for the first time in water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). The nodes located in the neck on the trachea, thoracic and abdominal cavities in water deer. Dark red in color and oval- or round shaped haemolymph nodes in water deer were observed particularly along the abdominal aorta and caudal vena cava; as well as on the trachea along the jugular vein, on the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein and on the aortic arch. These nodes had a hilus with hilar vessels, which entered the haemolymph nodes through the trabeculae as trabecular artery. The parenchyma was organized in the form of cortex and medulla. Lymphoid rim was located between subcapsular sinus and cortex. The cortex was composed of a many secondary lymphoid follicles and diffuses interfollicular lymphoid tissue, and medulla contained medullary cords and medullary sinuses. A reticular meshwork extended throughout the haemolymph nodes formed the structure backbone. The interstices of the reticular meshwork were filled with free blood cells, many macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Conclusion: the dark red haemolymph nodes of water deer examined were seen along the course of large blood vessels in the neck on the trachea, thoracic and abdominal cavities. This is first study has demonstrated the presence of haemolymph nodes in water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and provided essential information on their anatomical and histological structures. The data obtained in the present study may be used for further research in this field

The semen was collected from five adult Iraqi black local bucks by the artificial vagina and using estrous induced doe the semen was diluted with egg yolk 10% extender and frozen by liquid nitrogen for three months, macroscopic and microscopic evaluation were done after collection, dilution and thawing, three media(TCM-199, DMEM and SOF)were used to see the their effect on activation of spermatozoa. The results showed that TCM-199 media presented higher significance in sperm motility, progressive motility compared with DMEM and SOF media. There was a great decrease in the concentration of spermatozoa after activation using these media which didn’t differ significantly among them and they were higher significantly compared with control in normal morphology.

This study was to investigate study the effect of adding the aqueous extract of clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) by two different levels to drink water to improve the productive efficiency and some physiological characteristics of the broiler. The study was carried out on 180 chicks of Hubbard at one day old. They were divided randomly into three groups (60 bird in each group) with three replicates for each group (20 bird for each replicate. In this experment, the bird was given two types of diets, the first diet was a starter that has been feeding on the 1-2٢ day age-old , whereas the second diet was finisher that has been feeding on 2٣-4٨ day age-old. The experimental treatments divided into three groups. In control group, birds drink free water without any addition. In group T1, birds received 1% of aqueous extract of clove flower in drinking water, whereas group T2 received 5% of aqueous extract of clove flower in drinking water. The current study showed a significant improvement (p

During the period of seven months from October 2016 to May 2017, 299 samples were collected, 152(51%) human samples, of which 69 (45.4%) were from urine and 83 (54.6%) were from children suffering from diarrhea in hospitals in AlBasra governorate. 147 (49.2%) samples were from fecal of animals, of which 82 (55.8% ) samples were from buffalo and 65(44.2%) were from cow .A total of 101 E. coli serotype O157: isolates out of 299 were suspected E. coli analyzed 52/101 (34.2%%) were from human 16 (10.5%) samples were from urine and 36 (23.7%) samples were from stool . and 49/101(33.3%) were from animal 33(22.4%) samples were from buffalo and 16 (10.9%) samples were from cow . On the other hand 68(22.7%) isolates out of 299 were suspected K. pneumoniae analyzed 41/68 (27%)were from human 28/41( 18.4%) isolates were from urine samples and 13/41 (8.6%) isolates were from stool samples and 27/68 (18.4%) were from animal 16 (10.9%) samples were from buffalo and 11(7.5%) samples were from cow).All suspected isolates were subjected to testing biochemical. It was found that 10 out of 101 were 4 isolates of animal faeces (2 buffalo and 2 cows).six isolates of 52 isolates (4 of the children's stool samples and 2 of the urine samples) 19.5% nonfermented sorbitol (NSFEC).The isolates were tested against 14 different antibiotics

The current study was conducted at the college of veterinary medicine, university of basrah in the periods extended from 22/10/2016 to 22/1/2017. The present study is designed to report the toxic effects of digoxin on kidney histologically and biochemically by measuring kidney parameters urea and creatinine level in the serum. Maximum toxic dose determined by using 2 rats dosed orally until clinical signs of toxicity became prominent at 30mg for each rat and considered as MTD. The chronic toxicity study was carried out on 48 adult rats divided into 4 groups. Control (G1) receive distilled water, Low dose (G2) dosed with 1/20 MTD(1.5mg/kg) digoxin, Intermediate dose (G3) dosed with 1/10 MTD(3mg/kg) digoxin and High dose (G4) dosed with 1/5 MTD(6mg/kg) digoxin by oral gavage for 90 days. At the end of experiments all animals were sacrificed and blood sample were collected for estimation of biochemical parameters of rat. Result reveals histopathological changes presented as dilation/vaccuolation of renal tubules and atrophy of glomeruli. There is a significant (P≤0.05) increase in serum urea and creatinine level in high dose (G4) group when compared with other study group. We conclude that high dose digoxin has toxic effect on renal tissue and lead to their damage.

This study was conducted to identify the erythromycin resistance genes in the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and its molecular characterization after isolating the bacteria from the samples of domestic animals and their products during the period from September 2016 to March 2017 from different areas in Basra city. 200 samples were collected from animals including: 40 samples from meat, 50 samples from raw milk, 30 samples from treated milk, 40 samples from cow's nasal swabs and 40 samples from cow's teat swabs. Results showed that from 200 collected samples only 108 were CoNS distributed in 22(15.1%), 18(12.4%),10(6.8%), 26(17.9%),32(22%), from meat, raw milk, treated milk, nasal swabs and teat swabs respectively. Samples were planted on the selecting mannitol salt medium to isolate Staphylococcus spp. which had the ability to grow on the mentioned medium. When the coagulation test was performed, some isolates were not able to produce the coagulation enzyme, and the results showed that 108 isolates were coagulase negative (54%). Twenty-two isolates of minced meat 55%, 18 isolates of cow's milk (36%), 10 isolates of milk sold (33%), 26 isolates of the nose of the animal (65%) and 32 isolates of animal teat swabs (80%). Twenty-five isolates of these negative staphylococci were identified using VITEK 2 kit. The result showed that 10(40%) isolates identified as coagulase negative Staphylococcus and fall in87 four species including 4 (40%) Staphylococcus lentus, 4 (40%) Staphylococcus gallinarum, 1 (10%) Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and 1 (10%) Staphylococcus chromogen. When the ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA genes were investigated by PCR the result showed that they contain the genes in a percentage 5%, 20%, 20% and 5% respectively. By using the multiplex PCR molecular weight technique (ermA, ermC) and (msrA, ermC), the ratio of both genes was 15% and 5% respectively.