Os ambientes hospitalares podem albergar micro-organismos patogênicos e oportunistas, capazes de infectar, particularmente, os indivíduos imunossuprimidos. O processo de limpeza e desinfecção assume importância capital para o controle de tais doenças. O presente trabalho avaliou a suscetibilidade de leveduras isoladas de superfícies de ambiente hospitalar veterinário frente a quatro desinfetantes/antissépticos comumente utilizados na rotina de desinfecção. O teste de microdiluição em caldo foi realizado com 24 isolados leveduriformes frente ao hipoclorito de sódio 4%, cloreto de benzalcônico 2%, clorexidina-cetrimida 6,6% e derivado de cloro-fenol 3%. A clorexidina-cetrimida, cloreto de benzalcônio e derivado de cloro-fenol foram eficazes em todos os isolados com concentração inibitória mínima e concentração fungicida inferiores à concentração recomendada pelo fabricante. Por outro lado, a ação fungicida do hipoclorito de sódio em 79,1% dos isolados testados foi obtida na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante, com desempenho inferior aos demais desinfetantes avaliados. | Hospital environments can have pathogens and opportunistic pathogens, important for immunocompromising individuals. The process of cleaning and disinfection constitutes an important measure for the control of these diseases. This study evaluated the sensitivity of yeasts isolated from surfaces of nosocomial veterinary environment to four disinfectants/antiseptics used in the routine of disinfection. The test of broth microdilution was carried in 24 isolates of yeasts against 4% sodium hypochlorite, 2% benzalkonium chloride, 6.6% chlorexidine-cetrimide and 3% chloro-phenol derivate. Chlorexidine-cetrimide, benzalkonium chloride and chloro-phenol derivate were efficient in all isolates with minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicide concentration lower than the concentration recommended by manufacturer. By other hand, fungicide action of the sodium hypochlorite in the concentration recommended by the manufacturer was verified in 79.1% of the isolated tested, with the lower performance of than the others evaluated disinfectants.

Os ambientes hospitalares podem albergar micro-organismos patogênicos e oportunistas, capazes de infectar, particularmente, os indivíduos imunossuprimidos. O processo de limpeza e desinfecção assume importância capital para o controle de tais doenças. O presente trabalho avaliou a suscetibilidade de leveduras isoladas de superfícies de ambiente hospitalar veterinário frente a quatro desinfetantes/antissépticos comumente utilizados na rotina de desinfecção. O teste de microdiluição em caldo foi realizado com 24 isolados leveduriformes frente ao hipoclorito de sódio 4%, cloreto de benzalcônico 2%, clorexidina-cetrimida 6,6% e derivado de cloro-fenol 3%. A clorexidina-cetrimida, cloreto de benzalcônio e derivado de cloro-fenol foram eficazes em todos os isolados com concentração inibitória mínima e concentração fungicida inferiores à concentração recomendada pelo fabricante. Por outro lado, a ação fungicida do hipoclorito de sódio em 79,1% dos isolados testados foi obtida na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante, com desempenho inferior aos demais desinfetantes avaliados.

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, que afeta uma grande variedade de vertebrados. Os roedores são hospedeiros intermediários e servem de alimento para felinos, os hospedeiros definitivos. No entanto, por causa da elevada variedade de espécies na ordem Rodentia, o diagnóstico serológico é difícil de ser realizado, uma vez que as técnicas mais empregadas requerem a utilização de um anticorpo específico conjugado com fluoresceína ou enzimas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de um conjugado secundário heterólogo na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) para diagnóstico de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em duas espécies de roedores silvestres: Euryoryzomys russatus (WAGNER, 1848) e Calomys callosus (RENGGER, 1830). A espécie Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) foi utilizada como controle do conjugado. As três espécies de roedores foram experimentalmente infectadas com cinco cistos de T. gondii (cepas ME 49) por animal. O Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT), que não requer o uso de conjugados, bem como, a presença de cistos de T. gondii nos roedores foram usados para confirmar a infecção. Para cada espécie de animal, amostras de soro foram coletadas durante cinco semanas e testadas (50 amostras por espécie de roedor, total de 150 amostras). Nenhuma das amostras de C. callosus e E. russatus foram positivas na RIFI, quando foi usado o conjugado heterólogo anti-camundongo. Cistos cerebrais de T. gondii foram microscopicamente observados em todos os animais, exceto em um dos E. russatus. Resultados positivos foram encontrados pelo MAT após 14 dias de inoculação em todas as três espécies estudadas e pela RIFI no grupo controle (M. musculus), também no dia 14 após a infecção utilizando conjugado anti-camundongo. O uso de conjugados secundários heterólogos deve ser empregado com cautela e o MAT apresentou uma boa concordância para o diagnóstico sorológico de T. gondii nas espécies de roedores estudadas. | Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii that affects a wide range of vertebrates. Rodents are intermediate hosts and serve as food for felids, the definitive hosts. However, because of the high variety of species in the order Rodentia, the serological diagnosis is difficult to perform, since the most used techniques require the use of specific antibody conjugated to fluorescein or enzymes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a heterologous secondary antibody conjugate in Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) for diagnosis of anti-T. gondii antibodies in two species of wild rodents: Euryoryzomys russatus (WAGNER, 1848) and Calomys callosus (RENGGER, 1830). The specie Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) was used as control conjugate. The animals were experimentally infected with five cysts of T. gondii (strain ME 49) per animal. The Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), which does not require the use of conjugates, and the presence of T. gondii cysts in the rodents were used to confirm the infection. For each animal species, serum samples were collected weekly for five weeks and tested (50 samples per rodent specie, total of 150 samples). None of the samples from C. callosus and E. russatus were positive in the IFAT when anti-mouse heterologous conjugate was used. Brain cysts of T. gondii were microscopically observed in all animals, except in one of the E. russatus. Positive results were found in the MAT 14 days after T. gondii infection in all three species of rodents and IFAT of the control group (M. musculus) was also positive 14 days after infection using anti-mouse (homologous) conjugate. The use of heterologous secondary antibody conjugates should be used with caution and the MAT had a good agreement for serological diagnosis of T. gondii in the studied rodent species.

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, que afeta uma grande variedade de vertebrados. Os roedores são hospedeiros intermediários e servem de alimento para felinos, os hospedeiros definitivos. No entanto, por causa da elevada variedade de espécies na ordem Rodentia, o diagnóstico serológico é difícil de ser realizado, uma vez que as técnicas mais empregadas requerem a utilização de um anticorpo específico conjugado com fluoresceína ou enzimas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de um conjugado secundário heterólogo na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) para diagnóstico de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em duas espécies de roedores silvestres: Euryoryzomys russatus (WAGNER, 1848) e Calomys callosus (RENGGER, 1830). A espécie Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) foi utilizada como controle do conjugado. As três espécies de roedores foram experimentalmente infectadas com cinco cistos de T. gondii (cepas ME 49) por animal. O Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT), que não requer o uso de conjugados, bem como, a presença de cistos de T. gondii nos roedores foram usados para confirmar a infecção. Para cada espécie de animal, amostras de soro foram coletadas durante cinco semanas e testadas (50 amostras por espécie de roedor, total de 150 amostras). Nenhuma das amostras de C. callosus e E. russatus foram positivas na RIFI, quando foi usado o conjugado heterólogo anti-camundongo. Cistos cerebrais de T. gondii foram microscopicamente observados em todos os animais, exceto em um dos E. russatus. Resultados positivos foram encontrados pelo MAT após 14 dias de inoculação em todas as três espécies estudadas e pela RIFI no grupo controle (M. musculus), também no dia 14 após a infecção utilizando conjugado anti-camundongo. O uso de conjugados secundários heterólogos deve ser empregado com cautela e o MAT apresentou uma boa concordância para o diagnóstico sorológico de T. gondii nas espécies de roedores estudadas.

A avaliação do grau de apego de proprietários com os seus cães e gatos é um importante recurso para o estudo da influência dos animais em diferentes fatores físicos e psicossociais dos humanos. O presente trabalho empregou o teste LAPS (Lexington Attachment to Pets Scales) para a análise do grau de apego de proprietários com os seus cães e gatos. O teste foi aplicado em 95  indivíduos, dos sexos masculino e feminino de diferentes faixas etárias, dos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. A maior parte das questões apresentou correlação com o escore total (p < 0,0001). As mulheres apresentaram menores escores quando  comparadas aos indivíduos do sexo masculino, assim como pessoas mais velhas em comparação aos indivíduos mais jovens. Concluiu-se que tanto o gênero como a faixa etária apresentam diferenças para o grau de apego. O emprego de questões negativas, em um teste composto em sua maior parte por questões positivas, pode inibir as respostas dos entrevistados. | The evaluation of the degree of attachment of owners to pets is an important resource to study the influence of the pets to different physical and psychosocial  factors to humans. The current study applied the LAPS (Lexington Attachment to Pets Scales) test to evaluate attachment degree of owners to their pets. The test was performed in 95 subjects, males and females from different age groups, in Minas Gerais and São Paulo state. Most of the questions were correlated to the total score (p < 0.0001). Women and elderly subjects had lower scores, demonstrating a greater degree of attachment when compared to males and  younger individuals, respectively. In conclusion, the age and gender differ to the degree of attachment. The use of negative questions in a test composed mostly by positive issues may inhibit the interviewer responses.

A avaliação do grau de apego de proprietários com os seus cães e gatos é um importante recurso para o estudo da influência dos animais em diferentes fatores físicos e psicossociais dos humanos. O presente trabalho empregou o teste LAPS (Lexington Attachment to Pets Scales) para a análise do grau de apego de proprietários com os seus cães e gatos. O teste foi aplicado em 95  indivíduos, dos sexos masculino e feminino de diferentes faixas etárias, dos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. A maior parte das questões apresentou correlação com o escore total (p < 0,0001). As mulheres apresentaram menores escores quando  comparadas aos indivíduos do sexo masculino, assim como pessoas mais velhas em comparação aos indivíduos mais jovens. Concluiu-se que tanto o gênero como a faixa etária apresentam diferenças para o grau de apego. O emprego de questões negativas, em um teste composto em sua maior parte por questões positivas, pode inibir as respostas dos entrevistados.

O presente trabalho analisou o emprego do choque osmótico (HOST) com o uso da água deionizada (0 mOsmol), como método de avaliação do sêmen ovino descongelado e correlacionou os resultado obtidos com aqueles encontrados em diferentes técnicas de avaliação de sêmen. Para tanto, vinte amostras de sêmen criopreservado (20 reprodutores), foram avaliadas quanto aos parâmetros de cinética espermática pelo sistema computadorizado (IVOS 12, Hamilton Thorne Biosciences, Beverly, MA, EUA) e análise subjetiva. A análise da viabilidade das membranas espermáticas foi efetuada com a associação de sondas fluorescentes (PI, JC-1 e FITC-PSA). A integridade estrutural da membrana plasmática foi estudada com o teste supravital com eosina (EOS) e, por fim, a integridade funcional da membrana foi avaliada pelo choque osmótico, com a utilização da água deionizada nas seguintes proporções: uma parte de sêmen para 10 (HOST 10), 50 (HOST 50) e para 100 (HOST 100) partes de água. Após a diluição do sêmen, nas diferentes proporções, as amostras foram analisadas quanto ao percentual de espermatozoides reativos ao HOST. Os valores de positividade obtidos para o HOST 10 (33,1%), HOST 50 (32,8%) e HOST 100 (31,8%) não diferiram significativamente. O HOST 10 apresentou importante correlação positiva com a integridade da membrana plasmática pela EOS (r = 0,8; p &lt; 0,05). Os HOST 50 e 100 demonstraram correlações positivas com subpopulações espermáticas com membrana plasmática íntegra pela fluorescência (r = 0,83 e r = 0,85; p &lt; 0,01). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o HOST com água deionizada pode fornecer informações complementares para a avaliação da viabilidade do sêmen ovino pós-descongelação. | This study evaluated the use of hipoosmotic swelling test (HOST) with deionized water (0 mOsmol), as a method of post thaw ram semen evaluation and correlate their findings with different techniques of semen evaluation. Therefore, twenty semen samples of 20 different adult rams were assessed as for kinetic sperm parameters through computerized system (IVOS 12, Hamiton Thorn Biosciences, Beverly, MA, EUA) and subjective analysis. The sperm membranes viability was carried out by the association of fluorescent probes (propidium iodide, JC-1 and FITC-PSA). The structural integrity of the plasma membrane was also studied through supravital test with eosin and the functional integrity of membrane evaluated by doing the hipoosmotic swelling test with deionized water (0 mOsmol), in the following proportions: One part of semen for 10 (HOST 10), 50 (HOST 50) and 100 (HOST 100) parts of water. After semen dilution in the different proportions it was fixed in formalin-buffered saline and analyzed with regard to percentage of HOST reactive sperm (bent/coiled). The percentage of reaction obtained for HOST 10 (33,1%); HOST 50 (32,8%) and HOST 100 (31,8%) did not differ significantly. HOST 10 presented positive correlation with the plasma membrane integrity by the EOS (r = 0,80; p &lt; 0,05). Positive correlations between HOST 50 and HOST 100 with sperm subpopulation with membrane integrity by fluorescence were observed (r = 0,83 and r = 0,85; p &lt; 0,01). The findings suggest that the HOST with deionized water can provide additional information for post thawing ram sperm viability evaluation.

O presente trabalho analisou o emprego do choque osmótico (HOST) com o uso da água deionizada (0 mOsmol), como método de avaliação do sêmen ovino descongelado e correlacionou os resultado obtidos com aqueles encontrados em diferentes técnicas de avaliação de sêmen. Para tanto, vinte amostras de sêmen criopreservado (20 reprodutores), foram avaliadas quanto aos parâmetros de cinética espermática pelo sistema computadorizado (IVOS 12, Hamilton Thorne Biosciences, Beverly, MA, EUA) e análise subjetiva. A análise da viabilidade das membranas espermáticas foi efetuada com a associação de sondas fluorescentes (PI, JC-1 e FITC-PSA). A integridade estrutural da membrana plasmática foi estudada com o teste supravital com eosina (EOS) e, por fim, a integridade funcional da membrana foi avaliada pelo choque osmótico, com a utilização da água deionizada nas seguintes proporções: uma parte de sêmen para 10 (HOST 10), 50 (HOST 50) e para 100 (HOST 100) partes de água. Após a diluição do sêmen, nas diferentes proporções, as amostras foram analisadas quanto ao percentual de espermatozoides reativos ao HOST. Os valores de positividade obtidos para o HOST 10 (33,1%), HOST 50 (32,8%) e HOST 100 (31,8%) não diferiram significativamente. O HOST 10 apresentou importante correlação positiva com a integridade da membrana plasmática pela EOS (r = 0,8; p < 0,05). Os HOST 50 e 100 demonstraram correlações positivas com subpopulações espermáticas com membrana plasmática íntegra pela fluorescência (r = 0,83 e r = 0,85; p < 0,01). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o HOST com água deionizada pode fornecer informações complementares para a avaliação da viabilidade do sêmen ovino pós-descongelação.

No presente trabalho, foi pesquisada infecção riquetsial em amostras de sangue de 108 cães e 22 carrapatos Rhipicephalussanguineus (Ixodida, Ixodidae) coletados destes animais durante 2011 e 2012, em Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Nordestedo Brasil. As amostras de sangue foram examinadas pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) utilizando-seantígenos de seis isolados de Rickettsia do Brasil. Todos os 108 cães foram soronegativos para os antígenos de R.rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. amblyommii, R. felis, R. rhipicephali e R. bellii, sugerindo que a região estudada não é endêmicapara riquetsioses do grupo da febre maculosa. Dos 22 carrapatos R. sanguineus, R. felis foi detectada em um (4,5%)espécime por PCR do gene riquetsial gltA. São discutidas as possíveis implicações desse achado incomum na PCR. | In this study, rickettsial infection was searched in 108 canine blood samples and 22 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Ixodida,Ixodidae) ticks collected on these dogs during 2011 and 2012 in Patos municipality, state of Paraíba, northeasternBrazil. Blood samples were tested through indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) by using antigens of six Rickettsiaspecies isolates from Brazil. All 108 dogs tested seronegative for R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. amblyommii, R. felis, R.rhipicephali, and R. bellii antigens, suggesting a non-endemic status of the studied region for spotted fever ricketsiosis.Among 22 R. sanguineus ticks, R. felis was detected in one (4.5%) specimen by PCR targeting a portion of the rickettsialgltA gene. The possible implications of this unusual PCR finding are discussed.

In this study, rickettsial infection was searched in 108 canine blood samples and 22 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Ixodida,Ixodidae) ticks collected on these dogs during 2011 and 2012 in Patos municipality, state of Paraíba, northeasternBrazil. Blood samples were tested through indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) by using antigens of six Rickettsiaspecies isolates from Brazil. All 108 dogs tested seronegative for R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. amblyommii, R. felis, R.rhipicephali, and R. bellii antigens, suggesting a non-endemic status of the studied region for spotted fever ricketsiosis.Among 22 R. sanguineus ticks, R. felis was detected in one (4.5%) specimen by PCR targeting a portion of the rickettsialgltA gene. The possible implications of this unusual PCR finding are discussed.

A study of the prevalence of African horse sickness in horses was conducted, using records from two private equine practices in Harare for the period 1998–2004. Results indicated a higher prevalence of the disease in horses in Zimbabwe in the late rainy season (March – May). Age of the horse was found to be a significant risk factor, with foals or yearlings appearing to be 1.80 times more likely to contract the disease compared with horses older than two years. The case fatality rate in foals or yearlings was also higher than in older age groups, but this difference was not significant. The vaccination status was an important risk factor, with vaccinated horses 0.12 times less likely to die from the disease compared with unvaccinated horses. Young, unvaccinated horses therefore seem to be the most susceptible to the disease and have greater chances of fatality. This study highlights the importance of adequately protecting horses against African horse sickness by providing immunisation through vaccination and discusses the need to review current vaccination strategies being practiced in Zimbabwe.

A study of the prevalence of African horse sickness in horses was conducted, using records from two private equine practices in Harare for the period 1998–2004. Results indicated a higher prevalence of the disease in horses in Zimbabwe in the late rainy season (March – May). Age of the horse was found to be a significant risk factor, with foals or yearlings appearing to be 1.80 times more likely to contract the disease compared with horses older than two years. The case fatality rate in foals or yearlings was also higher than in older age groups, but this difference was not significant. The vaccination status was an important risk factor, with vaccinated horses 0.12 times less likely to die from the disease compared with unvaccinated horses. Young, unvaccinated horses therefore seem to be the most susceptible to the disease and have greater chances of fatality. This study highlights the importance of adequately protecting horses against African horse sickness by providing immunisation through vaccination and discusses the need to review current vaccination strategies being practiced in Zimbabwe.

The attenuated Salmonella typhimurium χ4550 strain was used to harbour a reconstructed bicistronic DNA vaccine against porcine rotavirus, which carried the rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) and VP7 genes simultaneously. Using a balanced lethal system, the kanamycin resistance gene of expressing eukaryotic plasmids pVAX1 and pVAXD were replaced by the aspartate β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) gene. The NSP4 cleavage product (259–525) of rotavirus OSU strain and VP7 full-length genes were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and then inserted into the eukaryotic single-expression plasmid, pVAX1-asd, and the eukaryotic dual-expression plasmid, pVAXD-asd, respectively. The recombinant plasmids pVAX1-asd-NSP4, pVAX1-asd-VP7 and pVAXD-asd-NSP4-VP7 were transformed into the attenuated S. typhimurium χ4550 strain by electrotransformation. An indirect immunofluorescence assay of the expressed COS-7 cell suggested that the recombinant S. typhimurium χ4550 strain was constructed successfully. The recombinant S. typhimurium χ4550 strain was orally administered to BALB/c mice. The group immunised with dual- expression plasmids produced a significantly higher level of serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) than the group immunised with single-expression plasmids. These results indicated that eukaryotic bicistronic plasmid DNA vaccines could be successfully constructed to enhance humoural, mucosal and cellular immune response against rotavirus infection.

The attenuated <em>Salmonella typhimurium χ</em>4550 strain was used to harbour a reconstructed bicistronic DNA vaccine against porcine rotavirus, which carried the rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (<em>NSP4</em>) and VP7 genes simultaneously. Using a balanced lethal system, the kanamycin resistance gene of expressing eukaryotic plasmids pVAX1 and pVAXD were replaced by the aspartate β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (<em>asd</em>) gene. The NSP4 cleavage product (259–525) of rotavirus OSU strain and VP7 full-length genes were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and then inserted into the eukaryotic single-expression plasmid, pVAX1-asd, and the eukaryotic dual-expression plasmid, pVAXD-asd, respectively. The recombinant plasmids pVAX1-asd-NSP4, pVAX1-asd-VP7 and pVAXD-asd-NSP4-VP7 were transformed into the attenuated <em>S. typhimurium χ</em>4550 strain by electrotransformation. An indirect immunofluorescence assay of the expressed COS-7 cell suggested that the recombinant <em>S. typhimurium χ</em>4550 strain was constructed successfully. The recombinant <em>S. typhimurium χ</em>4550 strain was orally administered to BALB/c mice. The group immunised with dual- expression plasmids produced a significantly higher level of serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) than the group immunised with single-expression plasmids. These results indicated that eukaryotic bicistronic plasmid DNA vaccines could be successfully constructed to enhance humoural, mucosal and cellular immune response against rotavirus infection.

Moraea pallida (yellow tulp) poisoning is economically the most important intoxication of livestock in South Africa. Poisoning varies according to locality, climatic conditions and growth stage of the plant. The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentration of the toxic principle, epoxyscillirosidine, in yellow tulp leaves and to ascertain the variability of epoxyscillirosidine concentrations within and between different locations. A secondary objective was to utilise Geographic Information Systems in an attempt to explain the variability in toxicity. Flowering yellow tulp plants were collected at 26 sampling points across 20 districts of South Africa. The leaves of five plants per sampling point were extracted and submitted for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. A large variation in mean epoxyscillirosidine concentrations, ranging from 3.32 μg/g – 238.27 μg/g, occurred between different geographical regions. The epoxyscillirosidine concentrations also varied tremendously between individual plants (n= 5) collected at the same sampling point, with up to a 24 times difference between the lowest and highest concentration detected. No generalised correlation between epoxyscillirosidine concentrations and soil elemental concentrations could be established. However, samples obtained from the north-eastern part of the sampling region tended to have higher epoxyscillirosidine concentrations compared to samples obtained from the south-western part of the sampling region. Higher toxin concentrations in the northeast were associated with statistically significant higher soil concentrations of iron, bismuth, bromide, cadmium, chromium, rubidium, tellurium, thallium, titanium and zinc, whilst soil concentrations of strontium and soil pH, were significantly lower. This study corroborated the contention that epoxyscillirosidine concentration in yellow tulp fluctuates and may explain the variability in toxicity.

Moraea pallida (yellow tulp) poisoning is economically the most important intoxication of livestock in South Africa. Poisoning varies according to locality, climatic conditions and growth stage of the plant. The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentration of the toxic principle, epoxyscillirosidine, in yellow tulp leaves and to ascertain the variability of epoxyscillirosidine concentrations within and between different locations. A secondary objective was to utilise Geographic Information Systems in an attempt to explain the variability in toxicity. Flowering yellow tulp plants were collected at 26 sampling points across 20 districts of South Africa. The leaves of five plants per sampling point were extracted and submitted for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. A large variation in mean epoxyscillirosidine concentrations, ranging from 3.32 μg/g – 238.27 μg/g, occurred between different geographical regions. The epoxyscillirosidine concentrations also varied tremendously between individual plants (n= 5) collected at the same sampling point, with up to a 24 times difference between the lowest and highest concentration detected. No generalised correlation between epoxyscillirosidine concentrations and soil elemental concentrations could be established. However, samples obtained from the north-eastern part of the sampling region tended to have higher epoxyscillirosidine concentrations compared to samples obtained from the south-western part of the sampling region. Higher toxin concentrations in the northeast were associated with statistically significant higher soil concentrations of iron, bismuth, bromide, cadmium, chromium, rubidium, tellurium, thallium, titanium and zinc, whilst soil concentrations of strontium and soil pH, were significantly lower. This study corroborated the contention that epoxyscillirosidine concentration in yellow tulp fluctuates and may explain the variability in toxicity.

Peste des petits ruminants virus, which causes a severe disease in sheep and goats, has only recently been officially declared to be present in Tanzania. An epidemiological study was carried out between September 2008 and October 2010 to investigate the incursion, persistence and spread of the virus in Tanzania. The investigation involved serosurveillance, outbreak investigation and computation of epidemiological indices such as the effective reproductive number, persistence and the threshold level for vaccination. Field and molecular epidemiological techniques were applied to isolate, characterise and trace the origin of the virus in Tanzania. A total of 2182 serum samples from goats and 1296 from sheep from 79 villages across 12 districts were investigated. Village-level prevalence of infection was variable (0.00% – 88.00%) and was higher in pastoral than in agro-pastoral villages. The overall antibody response to the virus was 22.10% (CI 95% = 20.72% – 23.48%). About 68.00% and 73.00% of seropositive goats and sheep, respectively, did not show clinical signs. The proportion of seropositive animals differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) between age groups, sex and farming practices. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the isolated strains belong to lineage III, whose origin is in East Africa and the Middle East. This indicates that one of the northern neighbouring countries is most likely the source of infection. The computed overall effective reproductive number, the threshold level of vaccination necessary to eradicate the disease and persistence were 4.75% and 98.00%, respectively. These estimates indicate that achieving elimination of the peste des petits ruminants virus from pastoral flocks will require significant effort and development of highly effective intervention tools.

Peste des petits ruminants virus, which causes a severe disease in sheep and goats, has only recently been officially declared to be present in Tanzania. An epidemiological study was carried out between September 2008 and October 2010 to investigate the incursion, persistence and spread of the virus in Tanzania. The investigation involved serosurveillance, outbreak investigation and computation of epidemiological indices such as the effective reproductive number, persistence and the threshold level for vaccination. Field and molecular epidemiological techniques were applied to isolate, characterise and trace the origin of the virus in Tanzania. A total of 2182 serum samples from goats and 1296 from sheep from 79 villages across 12 districts were investigated. Village-level prevalence of infection was variable (0.00% – 88.00%) and was higher in pastoral than in agro-pastoral villages. The overall antibody response to the virus was 22.10% (CI 95% = 20.72% – 23.48%). About 68.00% and 73.00% of seropositive goats and sheep, respectively, did not show clinical signs. The proportion of seropositive animals differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) between age groups, sex and farming practices. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the isolated strains belong to lineage III, whose origin is in East Africa and the Middle East. This indicates that one of the northern neighbouring countries is most likely the source of infection. The computed overall effective reproductive number, the threshold level of vaccination necessary to eradicate the disease and persistence were 4.75% and 98.00%, respectively. These estimates indicate that achieving elimination of the peste des petits ruminants virus from pastoral flocks will require significant effort and development of highly effective intervention tools.

In order to get a reliable estimate of brucellosis prevalence in Eritrean dairy cattle, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009. The survey considered the sub-population of dairy cattle reared in modern small- and medium-sized farms. Samples were screened with the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and positive cases were confirmed with the complement fixation test (CFT). A total of 2.77%(417/15 049; Credibility Interval CI: 2.52% – 3.05%) of the animals tested in this study were positive for antibodies to Brucellaspecies, with a variable and generally low distribution of positive animals at regional level. The highest seroprevalence was found in the Maekel region (5.15%; CI: 4.58% – 5.80%), followed by the Debub (1.99%; CI: 1.59% – 2.50%) and Gash-Barka (1.71%; CI: 1.34% – 2.20%) regions. Seroprevalence at sub-regional levels was also generally low, except for two sub-regions of Debub and the sub-region Haicota from the Gash-Barka region. Seroprevalence was high and more uniformly distributed in the Maekel region, namely in the Asmara, Berik and Serejeka sub-regions. Considering the overall low brucellosis prevalence in the country, as identified by the present study, a brucellosis eradication programme for dairy farms using a test-and-slaughter policy would be possible. However, to encourage the voluntary participation of farmers to the programme and to raise their awareness of the risks related to the disease for animals and humans, an extensive public awareness campaign should be carefully considered, as well as strict and mandatory dairy movement control.

In order to get a reliable estimate of brucellosis prevalence in Eritrean dairy cattle, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009. The survey considered the sub-population of dairy cattle reared in modern small- and medium-sized farms. Samples were screened with the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and positive cases were confirmed with the complement fixation test (CFT). A total of 2.77%(417/15 049; Credibility Interval CI: 2.52% – 3.05%) of the animals tested in this study were positive for antibodies to Brucellaspecies, with a variable and generally low distribution of positive animals at regional level. The highest seroprevalence was found in the Maekel region (5.15%; CI: 4.58% – 5.80%), followed by the Debub (1.99%; CI: 1.59% – 2.50%) and Gash-Barka (1.71%; CI: 1.34% – 2.20%) regions. Seroprevalence at sub-regional levels was also generally low, except for two sub-regions of Debub and the sub-region Haicota from the Gash-Barka region. Seroprevalence was high and more uniformly distributed in the Maekel region, namely in the Asmara, Berik and Serejeka sub-regions. Considering the overall low brucellosis prevalence in the country, as identified by the present study, a brucellosis eradication programme for dairy farms using a test-and-slaughter policy would be possible. However, to encourage the voluntary participation of farmers to the programme and to raise their awareness of the risks related to the disease for animals and humans, an extensive public awareness campaign should be carefully considered, as well as strict and mandatory dairy movement control.