Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Akabane virus (AKAV) are mosquito-borne viruses that cause encephalitis and reproductive disorders in horses and cattle, respectively. There is no treatment for JEV or AKAV infections in animals. Therefore, we evaluated the antiviral activity of 18-mer amphipathic peptides in the 1b-4/21-C series on JEV and AKAV using Vero cells in vitro and evaluated their effects on JEV in mice. Of 6 peptides, 1b-4/21-C12 had the lowest IC50 of 0.313 against JEV and its use as an antiviral against JEV and AKAV was examined. The IC50 of 1b-4/21-C12 against JEV and AKAV was 0.78 and 1.14 μM, respectively. Mice treated with 5 or 2 mg/kg of 1b-4/21-C12 had 32% and 16% survival rates, respectively, and the surviving mice treated with 1b-4/21-C12 began to gain weight beginning 8 days post challenge with the virulent Nakayama strain. Moreover, 20 μM 1b-4/21-C peptide had no cytotoxic effects on Vero cells. Our in vitro and in vivo results indicate that 1b-4/21-C12 has antiviral activity against enveloped JEV and AKAV and might be useful as a therapeutic substance.

5-Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and vincristine are chemotherapy agents used to treat various cancers, such as breast cancer and lymphoma for decades, and their effects on cancer have been proven. On the other hand, these anti-cancer drugs cause fatal side effects, including immunosuppression. This study investigated whether sonicated Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterin (B. bronchiseptica) can attenuate the immunosuppression of spleen cells induced by these chemotherapy agents and which subsets of spleen cells were affected. B. bronchiseptica increased the metabolic activity of spleen cells treated with 3 anti-cancer drugs. Cell death analysis using Annexin V/propidium iodide showed that B. bronchiseptica markedly decreased the death of spleen cells. The subsets of spleen cells were analyzed by flow cytometry using a surface marker-specific antibody. B. bronchiseptica increased nitric oxide production in the spleen cells treated with anti-cancer drugs (p less than 0.0001). Despite the pharmacological effects of anti-cancer drugs, many patients suffer from the fatal side effects of immunosuppression. This study provides valuable information on how to overcome chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.

This study reports the efficacy of the vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP), for treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs. For this study, the patients were divided into the SNP only treatment group, the SNP, furosemide and dobutamine treatment group, and non-SNP treatment group. Seven dogs, 6 dogs and 2 dogs were favorable responders in SNP only group, group with SNP, furosemide and dobutamine and non-SNP treatment group, each. The results of this study suggest that SNP can be an effective alternative therapy for dogs with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

A male mixed-breed dog of unknown age was presented with a history of bloody diarrhea and cachexia. Toxocara canis in vomitus was identified by a parasitologist. Hematology revealed low hematocrit, eosinophilia, and low albumin. Computed tomography (CT) revealed an enlarged pulmonary artery with an irregular wall, micronodules in the lung, and vicarious excretion of contrast medium to small intestine. CT scan was helpful for identifying lung lesions and the central organs of larval migration and also show vicarious excretion of contrast medium to the small intestine in T. canis infection.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the regenerative activity ofautotransplantation of superficial flexor digital tendon and bone marrowon the repair of sciatic nerve in dogs. Eight adult dogs from both sexeswere used. The age ranges from 1-2 years and weight from 10-15 kgs.The animals were divided into two groups control and treatment groupeach group consists of four animals. Each animal in the first group wasanesthetized with mixture of xylazine and ketamine at a dose of 5 mg/kgand 10 mg/kg of body weight I.M, respectively. The skin of the lateralsurface of the thigh region was incised, fascia and muscle group wereseparated using blunt dissection, the left sciatic nerve was harvested and a10 mm piece was transected. A segment longer than 10 mm of superficialflexor digital tendon was harvested and autografted using 5/0 nylon. Inthe second group animals underwent the same manner of first group aswell as bone marrow applied at operative site. 60 days post operativelyresults exhibited improvement in activity of affected limb in treatedanimals with graft and bone marrow. Histologically there was animprovement at site of graft represented by formation of granulationtissue in both groups. In conclusion the local application of bone marrow on the site of tendon graft led to enhance the regeneration of sciatic nerveresulting in functional improvement of the affected limb

The aim of the study is determine the toxic effects and some biochemical changesof amitraz insecticide in adult albino female rats. First the median lethal dose ( )of oral amitraz was (717.125mg/kg)and were clear toxic signs of amitraz intoxicationsuch as incoordination, dull, depression, salivation, bulging of eyes, recumbence anddeath. Then alpha 2 (α-2) adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole at (0.5 and 1mg/kg),and alkalinizing agents sodium bicarbonate at (50 and 100 mg/kg) were given by IProute, 15minutes before giving the oral administration of amitraz improved theprophylactic rates to 14.66 % and 24.45% for atepamizole, and to1.79 % and 17.38%for Sodium bicarbonate respectively, and the toxic signs of amitraz intoxication werereduced when atipamezole and sodium bicarbonate injected. After three hours of oralnon-lethal amitraz dosing with (250 and 500mg/kg) increased serum glucoseconcentration (291.33±2.9 and 328.02±4.8mg/dL) respectively compared with thecontrol group value (134.05±9.6 mg/dL), also the Amitraz at same doses were risenup the level of serum cortisol to (7.30±0.3 and 7.43±0.3 µg/dL) respectively ascompared with the control value (2.39±0.26 µg/dL). Also it causes an increasedserum level of transaminases enzymes (AST and ALT) compared with the controlvalue, while amitraz at (500mg/kg, orally) increased enzyme ALP activity in theserum of rats when it is compared with control value. The results of this study referto that amitraz may cause tissues damage and toxic effects in rats.

This study was carried out in an animal house of the Collage of VeterinaryMedicine/ University of Basrah, An attempt has been done to induce diabetic byalloxan in male guinea pigs and investigation of the effects of diabetic on semen fluidquality. Moreover, the present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effect ofethanolic extract of Ceratonia siliqua, metformin and Glimphan in experimentallyinduced in diabetic male guinea pigs. The study was applied on (30) adult male guineapigs, their weight ranged between (800-1000g) and aged between 6-6.5 months. Themale guinea pigs were divided randomly into five groups, each group consist of sixguinea pig as the following:Group1:- Male guinea pigs at (Negative controls) administrated normalsaline3ml orally for 30 days.Group2:- Male guinea pigs at(Positive control) given alloxan (150mg/kg B.W.I.P) for three days and remain for 30 days.Group3:- Male guinea pigs given alloxan (150mg/kg B.W. I.P.) for three days,then treated with Glimphan drug ( 0.1mg/kg orally administration) for 30 days.Group4:- Male guinea pigs given alloxan (150mg/kg I.P.) for three days, thentreated with Metformin drug(15mg/kg orally administration) for 30 days. Group5:- Male guinea pigs given alloxan 150mg/kg I.P. for three days, thentreated with ethanolic extract of Ceratonia siliqua fruit (500mg/kg B.W. orallyadministration) for 30days.At the end of experimental period, the blood samples were collected from heart bycardiac puncture, the serum was isolated to be used for the analysis of biochemicalparameters such as glucose concentration, FSH, LH and testosterone concentrations.The results showed a significant (P≤0.05) increase in glucose concentration of theserum diabetic male guinea pig group as compared with (-ve) control group, whereasthe results were revealed a significant(P≤0.05)decrease of glucose concentrationguinea pigs treated with ethanolic extract of Ceratonia siliqua. The results obtained asignificant decrease (P≤0.05) in body weight, FSH, LH and testosteroneconcentrations in serum and semen, sperm motility, sperm concentration, total spermcell, live-dead sperm and significant (P≤0.05) increase in sperm abnormalities. Whileguinea pigs that are treated with ethanolic extract of Ceratonia siliqua the showed asignificant (P≤0.05) increase in body weight. In addition, this extract improved thereproductive system by significantly increasing FSH, LH and testosteroneconcentrations in serum and semen, sperm motility, sperm concentration, total spermcell, live-dead sperm and significant (P≤0.05) decrease in sperm abnormalities of thediabetic male guinea pigs treated with extract as compared with (-ve) control andanother treated groups.Histological examination showed many pathological changes in pancreas and testisin diabetic group but in those that are treated with ethanolic extract of Ceratoniasiliqua, the histological changes were near the normal status. It is concluded thatgood anti-diabetic activity, hypoglycemia effect and spermatogenic activities. Basedon these results, we suggested the possible utilization of Ceratonia siliqua as atherapy to prevent diabetic and improved the performance of male reproductivesystem as compared with other treated such as glimephan and metformin drugs

The study was conducted to add information to the database for concentrate on theBrunner's glands of the duodenum in adult local cows. The histological study showedthat Brunner's glands present in the tunica submucosa of the duodenum in local adultcows, the glands were branched tubuloalveolar secreting mucous, extended from theend of the pylorus to the first and middle third of duodenum, and absent at the lastthird of the duodenum. The excretory ducts of Brunner's glands opened at the cryptsof lieberkuhn at the base of intestinal villi penetrating the muscularis mucosa layer.The statistical analysis showed there was a significant variation in the diameter andlumen of Brunner's glands between the first and middle third of duodenum at (P≤0.05). The diameter and lumen of Brunner's glands at the first third of duodenum werelower than that of the middle third of duodenum. The statistical study showed , thatthere was no significant variation of the lining epithelium of Brunner's glands betweenfirst and middle third of duodenum, and there was no significant variation in thethickness of Brunner's glands aggregation between first and middle third of theduodenum.The histochemical study revealed that there were different types of glycoprotein inBrunner's glands and excretory duct in local adult cows, at first third of duodenumBrunner's glands contain a large amount of neutral glycoprotein and little amount ofacidic glycoprotein, while at middle third of duodenum the Brunner's glands containthe same amount of neutral and acidic glycoprotein. At the first third of duodenum,the excretory ducts of Brunner's glands contain neutral glycoprotein more than acidicglycoprotein, while at the middle third of duodenum the excretory ducts of Brunner's glands contain a large amount of acidic glycoprotein and little amount of neutralglycoprotein.

Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and devastating viral disease ofpoultry that distributed worldwide causing large economic losses in the poultryindustry. Although vaccines are being used to control the disease, there is no effectiveantiviral drug used for the treatment of infections. The aim of this study is to testgarlic oil for its antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus. Garlic oil wasincubated with the virus (LaSota strain) for 1 hr and 24 hrs and its antiviral effect wasdetermined by performing hemagglutination and RT-PCR tests to detect viral surfaceproteins and viral genome, respectively. In addition, the toxicity of garlic oil wasdetermined on the living organism by injecting it into chicken embryos with orwithout the virus. The results showed that this product played a role in the reductionof virus effectiveness through the destroying of viral surface receptors as well as thereduction of gene amplification as compared with the control group that included thetreatment of the virus with a saline solution (phosphate buffer saline), which gaveopposite results. In addition, there was no antiviral toxicity on the living organismsince the injected embryos with the oil alone or the oil with virus were healthy andclosely resemble those that have not been injected with anything. In comparison, theembryos that were injected with the virus only showed clear pathological signs thatdid not appear in the other groups containing the oil. These results suggest that garlic oil would be a good potential antiviral and probably will have a role to eliminate thedisease.

In the present study, a total of 150 mastitis milk samples were collected from sheep andgoat (75 for each one) and were analyzed for the presence of S.aureus.. The obtainedresults indicate that this bacterium observed in 20% of these samples (21.33% from sheepand 18.66% from goat) .The study of antibiotic susceptibility test to 9 different antibioticsshowed that S. aureus was 100% resistant to penicillin and 100% sensitive tovancomycin, gentamycin , clarithromycin and chloramphenicol . whereas for cefoxitin(alternative to methicillin) resistance was 47%.There were a variable sensitivitypercentage for the rest of antibiotics: Tetracycline (70%), Ciprofloxacin (80%) ,Clindamycin (83%). The biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus was evaluated viamicrotiter plates and the result revealed that, all the studied isolates were either moderatebiofilm producer or weak biofilm producer while the non-biofilm producer and strongbiofilm producer were not detected among the tested isolate.The relationship betweenbiofilm formation and resistance to methicillin showed there as no significant differences(P>0.05) in the percentage of weak and moderate biofilm producers between MRSA andMSSA isolates. PCR analysis was applied to DNA extracted from S.aureus isolates frommilk samples .The results of PCR assay revealed that all S.aureus isolates gave positiveresults for both icaA and icaD genes (100%) with Product size 151 and 211 bp,respectively.Results of this study indicate that biofilm producing S.aureus have a major role player onthe occurrence of mastitis .In addition, there was high prevalence of MRSA isolates(47%) in mastitic milk at the study area