Objective: The current study was conducted to explore the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in relation to species, age, sex, season, and body condition in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional coprological survey was carried out at Mymensingh Sadar in Mymensingh from July 2015 to June 2016. In total, 433 fecal samples were screened for eggs/oocysts/cysts of parasite and counted by using standard qualitative and quantitative techniques. Eggs/oocysts/cysts were identified according to their characteristic features. Results: The study found 74.8% (n=324/433) prevalence of GI parasites in small ruminants. Species-wise prevalence indicated that 77.0% (n=268/348) goats and 65.9% (n=56/85) sheep harbored parasitic infection. Nine species of GI parasites were identified in the study area namely Strongyloides sp., Haemonchus sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Trichuris sp., Paraphistomum spp., Fasciola spp., Eimeria spp. and Balantidium spp. The level of egg/oocyst/cyst per gram of feces (EPG/OPG/CPG) was ranged between 100 and 1200. Young small ruminants (78.4%) showed significantly (P=0.026) higher prevalence as compared to adult (68.8%). Between sexes, significantly (P=0.000) higher prevalence was found in female (83.6%) than male (64.7%). Infection was significantly (P=0.000) highest in poor body conditioned small ruminants (82.1%) as compared to moderate (72.2%) and good body conditioned (53.8%) small ruminants. In case of season, highest prevalence was found in rainy season (83.6%) followed by summer (78.6%) and winter (59.4%) with significant seasonal variations (P=0.000). Conclusion: Finally, GI parasites are endemic among small ruminants in the study area. Knowledge on these parasites and related epidemiological parameters is important for outlining fruitful control strategies against GI parasites. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(4.000): 356-362]

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of mastitis on post-partum conception in crossed cows (Local x Friesian or Sahiwal x Friesian) in Chittagong area of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 100 lactating cows were randomly selected from thirteen small and medium size commercial dairy farms. The cows were reared under traditional feeding and management systems. Age and number of parity of the cows were 2.5 to 6 years and 1-5, respectively. On-farm California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Whit Slide Test (WST) were performed with the milk samples to diagnose mastitis. Besides, productive and reproductive data were recorded by examining the animals and interviewing the farmers. Results: The incidence of mastitis was significantly (P=0.037) higher (76% for CMT and 62% for WST) in 3.5-4.5 years old cows and lower (P=0.037) (47% for CMT) in 2.5-3.5 years old cows. The highest percentage of CMT (72%) and WST (59%) positive cases were found in cows having parity number 2. The CMT (71%) and WST (53%) test results were similar in third parity cows. The first parity cows were less prone to mastitis (47%). Mastitis had significantly (P=0.002) negative effect on days required to first heat after parturition. Mastitis was also negatively correlated with calving interval (CI) (P=0.030). More the incidence of mastitis prolongs the calving interval and the highest percentage (85% for CMT and 71% for WST) of mastitis was found in cows having 380-400 days calving interval. Lowest mastitis (54% for CMT and 48% for WST) incidence detected cows’ lowest calving interval. Significantly, more number of Service per Conception (SPC) was also required in cows having more incidence of mastitis (P=0.03). SPC was 4 for subclinical to clinical cases and 3 for clinical cases. Conclusion: Significant correlation between mastitis and post-partum conception is recorded in this study that may hamper reproductive performances. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 155-160]

Objective: The present study was done to monitor the progress of abdominal wound healing after experimental laparotomy in ewes using Doppler ultrasonography. Materials and methods: Laparotomy was performed in seven apparently healthy indigenous ewes for collection and transfer of embryos. Wound morphology was studied in terms of width of sutured area of internal wound (ventral raphae) and swelling of suture areas, width and contraction rate of external wound. Internal wound healing process was monitor at two days interval by real time B-mode ultrasonography using transabdominal (13 MHz frequency) transducer. The echoes focus or zone of best resolution was adjusted to the point of interest on the screen. Results: The average widths of raphae wounds declined from 7.7±0.18 mm on day 0 to 0.9±0.34 mm on day 20 and were completely healed on day 22 in all ewes. The average widths of skin wound decreased to 0.36±0.14 mm on day 26 from 8.6±0.33 mm on day 0. Conclusion: It was observed that internal wound healed rapidly than external wound. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 261-266]

Objective: This research is designed to explore the methods of isolation and culture for endothelial progenitor cells from bovine bone marrow, characteristic, induced differentiative capacity in vitro. Material and methods: Main experimental reagents contain DMEM/F12, fetal bovine serum, percoll lymphocyte separating, Trypsin 1: 250, VEGF, bFGF, GF-1, EDTA and so on. Cultivation system is DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS and VEGF 10 ng/mL, cultured under 37°C, 5% CO2, saturated humidity. Cell viability is measured by trypan blue solution exclusion test. Immunofluorescent detection is used to detected cell surface markers and double swallows, while bovine chromosome is analyzed by karyotyping. Results: We find that the majority of bovine endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are fibrous shaped. Frozen survival of bovine EPCs before and after cryopreservation is 95.2±0.14% and 80.9±0.30% respectively; cryopreservation affects little on the viability of bovine EPCs. Immunofluorescent detection of the cell surface markers CD34, CD133 and flk present positive, which can confirm that the cell cultured in vitro are EPCs. Then Dil-ac-LDL and FITC-UAE-1 uptake assays are carried out. Eventually, bovine EPCs are induced to differentiate into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells respectively, demonstrating the multi-lineage differentiation potential of bovine EPCs in vitro. Conclusion: EPCs can be got with proper culture system. The little cell cryopreservation effect and stronger induced differentiation potential in vitro imply that EPCs can be applied in genetic resources conservation and reuse. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 88-96]

Objective: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used for the activation of lactoperoxidase system on preservation of milk. Materials and methods: Milk samples were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm. The collected milk samples were added with 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 and 0.14% of 10% H2O2 along with control one. All milk samples were kept at room temperature (28-310C). Flavor, clot on boiling (COB), acidity %, and methylene blue reduction (MBR) test were observed every one hour interval. Results: The milk samples were acceptable in terms of flavor up to 18 h at 0.14% H2O2. Similarly, this milk sample took maximum time (19 h) to give COB positive test. Acidity % was within normal range for 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 and 0.14% H2O2 treated milk samples up to 8, 9, 11, 12, 12, 14, 17 and 18 h, respectively. Significant difference (P [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(4.000): 371-377]

Objective: The present study was conducted in New Sandwip island (Jahajerchar) of the Meghna estuary, Noakhali to explore animal species are being reared, their disease status, and also to finding out the constraints and opportunitities for keeping livestock in the island. Materials: Considering local knowledge as an epidemiological intelligence, the livestock species and their disease profile as well as livestock keeping problems were assessed through two focus group discussion with informants’ interview using Participatory Disease Searching (PDS) tools. The interview was conducted predominantly using semi-structured questionnaire (SSI) and other participatory epidemiology(PE) tools such as simple ranking (SR), pair-wise ranking (PWR), proportional pilling (PP) and transect work (visualization) were applied with flexibility to collect information. Results: PDS tools identified sheep (69%) is the main livestock species followed by cattle (16%) and buffalo (15%) in the island. The Peste des Petits Ruminant (PPR) in sheep (90%), anthrax in cattle (52%) and Haemorrgic Septicemia (HS) in buffalo (59%) were confirmed as top important species-wise diseases via the study. This place is prospect for sheep and buffalo raising rather than cattle. Lack of of shelter (Khella) for keeping livestock during adverse climatic condition, no access of portable water along with inadequate veterinary health care facilities were recognized as constraints for livestock raising in this island. Conclusion: This place is potential for sheep and buffalo raising rather than cattle. The study has validated the significance of accepting participatory disease searching tool in order to capture voluntarily submitted epidemiological data towards establishing a cost effective, unique national disease surveillance system in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 267-273]

Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2013 to estimate the prevalence of internal lesions in slaughtered camels at Tambool slaughterhouse and to identify the aerobic bacteria colonizing these lesions. Material and methods: A total of 280 carcasses of camels were thoroughly inspected during post-mortem examination and samples were collected from internal lesions and cultured onto different culture media. Isolated bacteria had undergone testing of several biochemical activities for species identification and susceptibility to certain antibiotics. Results: Internal lesions were detected in 25.0% (95% CI of ±5.07) of the carcasses and were observed in the lungs, liver and heart. Statistical association analyses showed that origin, sex, breed, and body condition were related to detection of lesions. A number of 179 isolates of aerobic bacteria belonging to 9 genera were grown and included Staphylococcus species (32.0%), Escherichia coli (26.0%), Streptococcus species (18.0%), Corynebacterium species (5.0%), and Bacillus species, Salmonella species, Pseudomonus species, and Klebsiella species; each of them 4.0%, and Shigella species (2%). Drug susceptibility testing showed that chloramphenicol was the most effective antibiotic against Staphylococcus species, Corynebacterium species, and Bacillus species, while penicillin g 10 was more effective against Streptococcus species. Ciprofloxacin 5 µg and ampicllin/sulpactum 20 µg were effective against E. coli, Salmonella species, Klebsiella species, Shigella species, and Pseudomonas species. Conclusion: It can be concluded that internal lesions are prevalent in camels slaughtered at Tambool slaughterhouse and many species of bacteria were colonizing these lesions, hence, evaluating the economic magnitude of internal lesions resulting in partial and/or total condemnation of organs is warranted. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 22-31]

Objective: The objective of this study was to isolate and identify Pasteurella spp. associated with pneumonic lungs showing respiratory signs of goats in Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A total of 2400 goats that were slaughtered at the Hashim&#146;s Ethiopian Livestock and Meat Export abattoir, Ethiopia were randomly selected for this cross-sectional study during the period of October 2013 to July 2014. Detail ante-mortem, and post-mortem (PM) lesions were inspected, and the suspected samples were collected aseptically from the lungs. Among 2400 goats, 31(1.29%) goats were not slaughtered because these goats showed severe clinical signs. Thus, 2369 goats were slaughtered finally. The collected samples were subjected for isolation and identification of bacterial species following conventional methods such as culture and biochemical examinations. Results: Out of 2400 goats examined, 960(40%) animals showed different abnormal respiratory signs. Based on PM findings, 16.21% (n=384/2369) lungs were found as pneumonic, of which 78.38% (n=301/384) were found to be associated with Pasteurella organism. The overall prevalence of Pasteurella organism (Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida) was 12.71% (n=301/2369). In this study, youngers and goats with medium body condition score (BCS) had greater probability (P<0.05) to be infected by the bacteria though there was no difference in exposure to the organism among goats from Arsi, Bale and Hararghe. On the other hand, out of 301 positive cases, 274(91.03%) were caused by M. haemolytica, and 27(8.97%) were caused by P. multocida isolates. Conclusion: Pasteurella organism especially M. hemolytica is one of the most common causes of pneumonic pasteurellosis in caprine at the study area. So, chemoprophylaxis needs to be given to small ruminants prior to transportation or other stress conditions. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 147-154]

Objective: The present work was conducted on Cobb-500 broilers fed with either probiotics (Yogurt, Promax&reg;) or antibiotic growth promoters (Ciproflox&reg;, Renamycin&reg;) to assess the effects on body weight and biochemical parameters. Materials and methods: A total of 30 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and acclimatized for 7 days in the experimental shed. After initial acclimatization, the broilers were allotted into five equal groups (n=6). Group A was considered as control and was fed commercial ration and fresh drinking water. Groups B and C were fed commercial ration and probiotics (Yogurt, Promax&reg;) respectively mixed in water. Groups D and E received commercial ration and antibiotic growth promoters (Ciproflox&reg;, Renamycin&reg;) respectively with water. Body weight of each bird was recorded on day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. At the end of trial period, the birds were sacrificed to collect blood in order to prepare serum samples for biochemical analyses considering total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipids (HDL), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Results: Body weight in all treatment groups (B, C, D and E) was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to control (A) group. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly (P<0.05) decreased in probiotics treated groups as compared to control and antibiotic growth promoters treated groups. AST and ALT values increased significantly (P<0.05) in antibiotic growth promoters treated groups as compared to control whereas, these values decreased in probiotics treated groups. Creatinine levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in antibiotic growth promoters treated groups as compared to all others groups. Conclusion: Significantly increased body weight is observed in probiotics and antibiotic growth promoters supplemented broilers. Probiotics also improve the lipid profile and other biochemical parameters as compared to growth promoter. Probiotics (like Yogurt and Promax&reg;) seem to be better choice than antibiotic growth promoters as feed supplements. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 288-294]

Objective: The study was conducted to standardize the desire level of papaya latex on quality of cheese prepared from cow milk. Materials and methods: Cheese sample was prepared using whole milk collected from Dairy Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University. This experiment was conducted on five treatments from cow milk named as sample CC1: cow control; A1: 2 drops (0.06 gm); B1: 3 drops (0.10 gm); C1: 4 drops (0.14 gm); D1: 5 drops (0.16 gm) of papaya latex. All experimental cheeses were judged by a panel of judges for organoleptic evaluation using a score card. The total solids and ash content of the different types of cheese were determined by oven drying method according to AOAC. Fat per cent, protein and acidity were determined by Babcock method, procedure and titrating with N/10 sodium hydroxide solution, respectively described by Aggarwala and Sharma. Results: There was significant difference within the overall physical score of different samples except color score. Overall score of sample B1 was highest (93.67&plusmn;1.53) and score of sample D1 was lowest (72.33&plusmn;12.01). In case of chemical analysis, the highest protein value was 17.14&plusmn;0.34% found in B1 and lowest value was 14.94&plusmn;0.16% found in D1. The highest fat value of sample B1 was 23.00&plusmn;1.00% and lowest value was 16.00&plusmn;1.00% found in C1. Highest carbohydrate was found in A1 (9.44&plusmn;2.25) and lowest in D1 (5.02&plusmn;0.04). Total solids and moisture content of cheese differed significantly (P<0.01) among the sample. On the other hand, non-significant difference was found in acidity. Conclusion: Cheese from cow milk, time on curd coagulation have significant difference (P<0.01) but non-significant difference was found in yield. Highest yield was found in sample CC1 (200.00&plusmn;5.00 gm/kg) and lowest yield was found in B1 (193.33&plusmn;2.89 gm/kg). [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 249-254]