In this study, normal values of important blood parameters in the clinical direction of blood samples of Van cats living in Van and around Van were investigated.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glucose, total cholesterol, total lipid, total protein, total bilirubine, urea, creatinine quantities, α-Amylase, GOT, GPT, γGT, CK, ALP, LDH, α-HBDH, Che, SDH enzyme activities, GOT/GPT, γGT/GOT, CK/GOT, LDH/GOT, HBDH/LDH ratios and serum protein fractions in 10 Van cats; albumin, α-1globulin, α-2 globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin and albumin / globulin ratio were determined.In order for Van cats that are an important cultural asset and protected rather not to become extinct but to provide them with healthy conditions for living and breeding, we believe that the values we identify will contribute to practice associated with Van cats and generate collective reference values in scientific studies and will help veterinary clinicians.

The present study was designed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Randia dumetorum, Tinospora cordifolia and commercial herbal medicine (Prajana HS, Indian Herbs Overseas) for induction of cyclicity in anoestrus buffalo heifers.Fourty eight anoestrus buffalo heifers were examined and redistributed into six groups(G0, G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) and each comprising of eight (n=8) animals. Untreated anoestrus animals (G0) andcyclic animals (G6) were kept as an anoestrus control and cyclic control, respectively. Group G1 wassupplemented with the mineral mixture, while G2, G3, G4, and G5 groups were treated with Prajana HS, Randiadumetorum,Tinospora cordifolia,and the combination of Randia dumetorum andTinospora cordifolia,respectively along with supplementation of mineral mixture. Overall estrus induction and conception rate were recorded as 50 % and 75 % in mineral mixture (G1),75 and 83.33 % in Prajana HS (G2), 87.50 % and 85.71 % in Randia dumetorum (G3), 62.5% and 80% inTinospora cordifolia (G4), and 87.5% and 85.71% in Randia dumetorum and Tinospora cordifolia combination(G5) whereas none of heifers were exhibited estrus symptom in untreated anoestrus control group.

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease which has worldwide importance and is hard to control and treat. Researchers have not yet developed a protective vaccine for humans in the light of current studies. Various experimental animal models are being used since; i) Leishmania has different species and vectors, ii) there are still many clinical, pathological and immunological issues that have to be investigated, iii) new non-toxic medical recipes to have maximum yield in a short time have to be investigated, iv) protective vaccination have to be developed. Mouse, hamster, dog, rodent, and non-human primates are among these animal models. None of them has the same clinical features, pathogenesis and immunology with the disease in human. However, rodents, dogs, and monkeys, which are the last host of the parasite, are among the most preferred models in recent days. Considering the different clinical forms of the disease, it is best to decide which Leishmania species to work with which animal. This review is intended to guide the researchers in choosing an appropriate animal model for leishmaniasis studies.

A two-year old lioness (Panthero leo) was referred to our clinic with nasal and oral bleeding, vomiting and anemia. As being informed by the owner; we learned that the lion had a history of anorexia, nasal discharge, fatigue, dehydration and apathy just one month prior to admitting the clinic. At the laboratory examination Urea, Creatinine and RBC (red blood cell) were higher than normal. Coronavirus, Feline Leukemia Virus, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (Rapid FIV/Ab FeLV Ag Test Kit, Bionote®) agents were checked with commercial immunochromatographic rapid test kit and found as negative. Heamobartonella sp was found by blood smear. Enrofloxacin (Baytril-K % 5, Bayer®) 10 mg/kg dose for 10 days once a day and vitamin K and supportive fluid were given for treatment. All clinical signs and abnormal blood values returned to normal levels after 17 days. This report indicated that Heamobartonella sp is important agent also for wild cats and all cats should be controlled for this to infection even if suffered from renal failure.

The helicase genes and hypervariable regions (HVRs) of three avian hepatitis E viruses (HEVs) detected at three different farms were sequenced and characterized. Two isolates (DW-L and GI-B2) were classified as genotype 2 and one isolate (GR-B) was classified as genotype 1. A phylogenetic tree, based on the helicase gene and HVR nucleotide sequences, revealed the newly detected viruses and other avian HEVs were classified similarly. Unlike previously reported avian HEVs, the DW-L isolate detected in broiler breeders with characteristic lesions of avian HEV had no prolinerich motif in its HVR, suggesting that the proline-rich motif is non-essential for viral replication and infection.

Eight rabbits exhibited head tilt and subsequently died. At necropsy, three rabbits had crusty deposits in ears and four had reddish lungs. The main histopathological features were severe diffuse suppurative meningoencephalitis (75.0% of rabbits), fibrinopurulent pneumonia (37.5%), and otitis externa (37.5%). Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was isolated from brains, ears, and lungs. The capsular serogroups of the isolates were untypable. Based on histopathological features and bacterial analysis results, the rabbits were diagnosed as P. multocida infection. P. multocida infections might result in considerable economic loss in commercial rabbit production facilities in Korea.

The present study observed the effects of a green tea (Camellia sinensis) flower extract (GTFE) on melanin synthesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. GTFE exhibited antioxidant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GTFE significantly diminished alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) stimulated cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity throughout the concentration range evaluated. Based on RNA sequencing analysis, differential gene expression patterns observed in alpha-MSH stimulated B16-F10 melanoma cells were normalized by the addition of GTFE. In particular, the expression levels of melanoregulin and tyrosinase genes which are key regulating genes in melanin synthesis were up-regulated by 3.5 and 3 fold respectively by alpha-MSH, and were normalized to control levels by the addition of GTFE. The results suggest that GTFE inhibits melanin synthesis in alpha-MSH stimulated B16-F10 melanoma cells by normalizing expression of genes that are essential for melanin synthesis. Overall, the results suggest that GTFE could be applied in the development of a whitening agent for the treatment of dermal hyperpigmentation.

Blood group determination in dogs is an important factor in transfusion medicine to minimize immediate or delayed adverse reactions after red blood cells transfusion in small animal clinics. Dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 is the most important blood type due to its high degree of antigenicity causing acute transfusion adverse reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of DEA 1 in various dog breeds in Korea. As a result of testing 592 blood samples from more than 35 dog breeds, DEA 1 blood typing for each breed showed that 57.8% of Malteses, 63.3% of Poodles, 76.2% of Mastiff-like dogs, 72.5% of Pomeranians, 47.7% of Shih Tzus, 70.3% of mixed breeds, 60.0% of Yorkshire Terriers, and 71.4% of Beagles were DEA 1-positive. Miniature Schnauzers and Jindo breeds had a significantly high prevalence (100%) of DEA 1-positive dogs compared to that in other small breed dogs. This is the first report of immunochromatography-detected DEA 1 prevalence in various domestic dog breeds. Although additional studies need clarifying the potential blood transfusion risks in domestic breed dogs with DEA 1, the results of this study may be useful when selecting a blood donor.

This study assessed the effects of Weissella cibaria (W. cibaria) CMU on oral health in male and female beagles (n = 18) by measuring oral malodor and periodontal disease-related parameters (calculus, plaque, and gingivitis indices). Oral malodor and indicators of periodontal disease were assessed in five treatment groups: negative control (scaling and 0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), positive control (0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), and W. cibaria CMU groups (each n = 4) at low (CMU-L, 2 × 107 colony forming unit [CFU]), medium (CMU-M, 2 × 108 CFU), and high (CMU-H, 2 × 109 CFU) concentrations. After feeding with W. cibaria CMU for 6 weeks, total volatile sulfur compound concentrations in the CMU-L (2.0 plus-minus 1.04 ng/10 mL), CMU-M (2.4 plus-minus 1.05 ng/10 mL), and CMU-H (2.6 plus-minus 1.33 ng/10 mL) groups were significantly lower than in the positive control group (3.2 plus-minus 1.65 ng/10 mL). Also, CMU-L (1.4 plus-minus 0.83 ng/ 10 mL) and CMU-H (1.9 plus-minus 1.14 ng/10 mL) groups had methyl mercaptan levels lower than that in the positive control group (2.4 plus-minus 1.21 ng/10 mL) at week 2. The plaque index was significantly lower in the CMU-H group (4.5 plus-minus 0.28) than in the positive control group (5.9 plus-minus 1.08) at week 6. W. cibaria CMU could be useful as a novel oral hygiene probiotics for reducing volatile sulfur compounds production and inhibiting plaque growth in companion animals.

An 8-year-old female Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) reared in a wetland center, died 2 h after sudden onset of astasia and dyspnea despite medical treatment. Gross examination of internal organs revealed 10 adult filarioid nematodes in the right ventricle of the heart and three between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. All nematodes were identified as Dirofilaria immitis by direct microscopy and polymerase chain reaction assay. Histopathological observation revealed multifocal hemorrhage in the cerebral subarachnoid space and focal necrosis with hemorrhage in the cerebellar parenchyma. Although rare, veterinarians should consider cerebral dirofilariasis as a differential diagnosis in unexplained neurological cases.