Objective: This research aims to investigate the microbial diversity of Budu prepared from fresh and frozen fish from the Pariaman and Pasaman districts in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, as well as provide basic information about Budu quality. Materials and Methods: To obtain the bacterial microbial composition, deoxyribonucleic acid extraction was carried out using amplicon-sequencing of the 16S-rRNA gene in the V3–V4 region from two types of Budu and carried out in duplicate. Results: Budu prepared with fresh (Pariaman) or frozen (Pasaman) fish was dominated by Firmicutes (78.455%–92.37%) and Proteobacteria (6.477%–7.23%) phyla. The total microbial species in Budu from Pariaman were higher (227 species) than in Pasaman (153 species). The bacterial species found are Lentibacillus kimchi (1.878%–2.21%), Staphylococcus cohnii (0.597%–0.70%), Peptostreptococcus russeli (0.00%–0.002%), Clostridium disporicum (0.073%–0.09%), Clostridium novyi (0.00%–0.01%), Nioella sediminis (0.00%–0.001%), and Shewanella baltica (0.00%–0.003%). Lentibacillus kimchi, S. cohnii, and C. disporicum are found in both Budu. Nioella sediminis and S. baltica are found in Budu Pariaman. Peptostreptococcus russeli and C. novyi were found in Budu Pasaman. Conclusion: Metagenomic analysis of Budu from different fish, Pariaman (fresh fish) and Pasaman (frozen fish) showed that the biodiversity of bacteria was barely different. Both Budu found lactic acid bacteria from the Enterococcaceae family, genus Vagococcus, and pathogenic bacteria, such as S. cohnii, P. russeli, C. disporicum, and S. baltica. The discovery of various species of pathogenic bacteria indicates that development is still needed in the Budu production process to improve Budu quality. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 801-808]

Objective: Dementia is a common aging-related neurodegenerative disease in the elderly worldwide. Alterations in neurogenesis and angiogenesis factors have been linked to cognitive impairment in neurological disorders. However, synthetic drugs to improve memory disorders have uncomfortable side effects. The purpose of this study is to explore the neuroprotective potential of the fruit ethanol extract of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) [Andaliman fruit ethanol extract (AEE)] on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and spatial memory in rat models of aging. Materials and Methods: This study had an experimental design with AEE. The 4 groups were treated as follows: N (normal), M (served as positive control), P1 (AEE 150 mg/kg bw), and P2 (AEE 300 mg/kg BW) for 8 weeks. Aged model rats (M, P1, and P2) were obtained by inducing D-galactose (150 mg/kg bw). BDNF and VEGF expression were determined by RT-PCR, and spatial memory was assessed using the test of the Moris Water Maze (MWM). The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to assess the statistical analysis. Results: AEE had a tendency to increase BDNF in P2 compared to the normal group (1.98 versus 1). VEGF expression increased in P1 and P2 compared to the normal group (1.14 and 1.29 versus 1). AEE at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw significantly improved spatial memory (p = 0.026). Conclusion: For eight weeks, AEE at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw considerably increased the potential to enhance VEGF and BDNF expression as well as spatial memory. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 587-592]

Studies on the interactions between the intestinal microbiome and its host have strengthened in the last decade. However, publications on this topic in dogs still need to be made available, reinforcing the need for new studies and literary data for consultation. Given this, this review aims to describe the intestinal microbiome and its interactions with the canine host, which can contribute to both health and morbid conditions in these animals. The definition of microbiome encompasses the collective genome of all microorganisms that live in a defined habitat (intestine). It is known that the dog’s intestinal microbiota is varied, composed of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Under normal conditions, there is commensalism between some of these microorganisms and the host, which promotes critical physiological relationships and interactions that contribute to homeostasis and the consequent health of the animal. With this in mind, it is expected that the disturbances associated with the microbiome will result in imbalances in this commensal relationship and thus precipitate the development of diseases and aggravation of other diseases, thus characterizing intestinal dysbiosis.

In Brazil, lamb producers face challenges raising their animals because of high anthelmintic resistance and loss of productivity due to parasites. It is well known that parasitic infections can reduce the performance of sheep. However, until the publication of this work, no research was found that quantified the effects that anemia reflected by FAMACHA© scores can exert on other zootechnical indicators in a lamb production system. The objective of this study was to use the FAMACHA© scores to quantify the impacts of anemia in ewes at breeding and lambing on the productive and reproductive performance of a meat sheep flock. The variables evaluated were i) FAMACHA© score of ewes at breeding and lambing, ii) body condition score of ewes at breeding and at lambing, iii) average daily gain of lambs until weaning, iv) ewe’s age, v) birth weights per individual lamb and litter, vi) weaning weight, vii) ewe’s weight, viii) litter size and ix) pre-weaning survival. The treatments evaluated corresponded to the FAMACHA© score of the ewes during breeding and lambing. Quantitative responses were submitted to analyses of variance and compared by Duncan’s test. In contrast, qualitative or discrete responses were evaluated by the Kruskal & Wallis test and compared to Dunn’s test. The Wilcoxon test was performed to compare the FAMACHA© scores of ewes at breeding and lambing. All statistical analyzes were performed using the R-Studio software version 4.2.0 at a 5% significance level. The FAMACHA© score of breeding ewes was related to the body condition score at breeding, ewe weight, pre-weaning survival, ewe age, litter size, and birth weight. Furthermore, the FAMACHA© score of ewes at lambing was related to the body condition score at lambing, ewe weight, pre-weaning survival, birth weight per lamb and litter, pre-weaning average daily gain, weaning weight, and age of the ewe. There was no significant difference between the test times of the FAMACHA© scores of the ewes, indicating that an ewe will present a similar score at both stages. It was concluded that ewes with FAMACHA© scores of 4 and 5 and their offspring showed the worst productive and reproductive performances. Conversely, the ewes with FAMACHA© 1 obtained the opposite result, demonstrating better technical performance.

This review summarized the significant results from Brazilian studies published in peer-reviewed scientific papers about the effect of bovine subclinical mastitis (SM) on economic performance and milk production. Different approaches were considered for (i) disease detection (indirect measurement of somatic cell count (SCC) and directly using microbiological culture) and (ii) milk sampling strategy (mammary quarters, composite cow samples, and bulk milk tank). Globally, bovine mastitis is the most common disease of dairy herds, and the subclinical presentation is the most frequent. Dairy farmers usually underestimate the economic losses associated with SM because no visual changes in milk and quarters, udder, and systemic symptoms are observed. SM reduces milk yield and quality, reducing dairy herds’ profitability. The estimation of losses depends on the causative pathogen, the lactation stage, and the parity of affected cows. Thus, estimating the economic caused by SM in milk production and economic performance in dairy herds can be used to decide which mastitis control strategies to adopt. Mastitis control involves adopting specific measures associated with the characteristics of each herd, the period of the highest frequency of cases, the transmission form, and the profile of the pathogens involved in cases of intramammary infection. Thus, using individual SCC, the microbiological identification of pathogens causing SM, adopting efficient drying-off protocols, and other management practices are essential for mastitis control, improved milk quality, and greater profitability of dairy herds.

The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) is a non-venomous snake from the Colubridae family. The pair of scent glands is indispensable in the physiology of reproduction and defense of the species. This structure is located caudal to the cloaca. It is responsible for releasing a thick material based on lipids containing pheromones that perform functions associated with animal behavior and survival. This work aims to report infection by Morganella sp. in a scent gland in a female corn snake, evidencing the diagnosis and treatment. An increase in volume was seen in the final third, proximal to the cloaca, firm consistency, immobile, and approximately 4 cm long and painful to touch. Samples of the material were collected for bacterial culture and antibiogram examination, being positive for bacteria of the genus Morganella. Based on the result of the antibiogram, it was possible to determine the most appropriate therapeutic protocol, with the referral to perform the surgical procedure to remove the tissue compromised by the infection, remaining stable until the removal of the stitches 40 days after the procedure, with total surgical wound healing.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of the cactus pear levels (0, 15, 30, and 45%) in cassava shoot silages on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and aerobic stability. Four treatments were tested with five repetitions, totaling 20 silos. The inclusion of cactus pear in cassava shoots silages promoted an increase in gas losses (P < 0.001), buffering capacity (P < 0.001), pH (P = 0.033), mineral matter (P < 0.001), total carbohydrates (P < 0.001), non-fiber carbohydrates (P < 0.001) and a decreasing in dry matter (P < 0.001), organic matter (P < 0.001), ether extract (P = 0.002), and crude protein (P < 0.001) content. A quadratic effect was observed for effluent losses (P < 0.001), with greater effluent losses (94.78 kg/t natural matter) obtained with the inclusion of 30% cactus pear in cassava shoots silages. Cactus pear inclusion in cassava shoots silage promoted a reduction in the pH during oxygen exposure (P = 0.008). Including cactus pear in up to 45% of cassava silage, shoots cause changes in the fermentation and nutritional characteristics. However, values found in the silages are by good quality standards.

We aimed to systematize and assess scientific information on tetracycline (TET) resistance genes in animals, products, and by-products in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Only original articles published in peer-reviewed journals were considered. Sixty articles published between 2003 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria. The geographical areas of study were Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Costa Rica, and, to a lesser extent, Colombia, Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay. The studies were related to livestock, wild animals, and pets. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The tet genes found in higher frequency in the samples or isolates evaluated were tetA, tetB, tetM, tetL, tetK, tetC, tetO, tetD, tetG, tetW, tetS, tetQ, tetE, tetH, tetJ, tetZ, and tetY. Studies evaluating the presence of tet genes in animals in LAC are limited despite TET being antibiotics widely used in animals. It is necessary to establish cross border public policies that allow the constant training of medical and related personnel regarding the responsible use of antibiotics in animals and the effective monitoring of the phenomenon in the region.

Many pig and broiler farmers struggle to reduce the use of antimicrobials on their farms. The improvement of the level of biosecurity certainly is one of the most effective ways to prevent pathogens entering the farm. Research is focused however also on other strategies, which may reduce the reliance on antimicrobials: increase animals’ resilience, early detection of diseases and targeted use of antimicrobials. These three strategies may exert a long term effect on the necessity tofight animal diseases. Several innovations are being tested that belong to these strategies, but most of these techniques have not yet been applied at farm scale In this paper a first analysis has been carried out to estimate the costs and benefits of innovations to improve resilience, to early detect diseases and to implement a targeted use of antimicrobials. As most of the innovations have been tested in experimental settings, the results of the economic analysis still have be treated with care. It provides however a first assessment of the economic convenience of the innovations and a list of key performance indicators that need to be taken into account in the analysis. For this analysis the partial budgeting approach has been used. Where broilers are concerned the analysis has been centred on on-farm hatching, elevated platforms, use of probiotics, automatic weighing systems and targeted use of non-antimicrobial feed and/or water additives. For pigs the analysis has been focused on innovative enrichment material to improve pig welfare and video-surveillance systems to early detect diseases.

This review summarized the significant results from Brazilian studies published in peer-reviewed scientific papers about the effect of bovine subclinical mastitis (SM) on economic performance and milk production. Different approaches were considered for (i) disease detection (indirect measurement of somatic cell count (SCC) and directly using microbiological culture) and (ii) milk sampling strategy (mammary quarters, composite cow samples, and bulk milk tank). Globally, bovine mastitis is the most common disease of dairy herds, and the subclinical presentation is the most frequent. Dairy farmers usually underestimate the economic losses associated with SM because no visual changes in milk and quarters, udder, and systemic symptoms are observed. SM reduces milk yield and quality, reducing dairy herds’ profitability. The estimation of losses depends on the causative pathogen, the lactation stage, and the parity of affected cows. Thus, estimating the economic caused by SM in milk production and economic performance in dairy herds can be used to decide which mastitis control strategies to adopt. Mastitis control involves adopting specific measures associated with the characteristics of each herd, the period of the highest frequency of cases, the transmission form, and the profile of the pathogens involved in cases of intramammary infection. Thus, using individual SCC, the microbiological identification of pathogens causing SM, adopting efficient drying-off protocols, and other management practices are essential for mastitis control, improved milk quality, and greater profitability of dairy herds.