Birds are organisms that can be found in a variety of habitats. One of the bird habitats is paddy fields. Birds found in paddy fields generally carry out activities such as foraging, breeding, and competing. This study aims to determine the diversity of birds in paddy field habitats during the paddy ripening phase (Oryza sativa L.). The study was conducted from April to June 2022. The location of the study was Jurong Peujera Village, Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar Regency. This study used the Point Count method with a radius of 50 m and a distance between points of 150 m. Observations were made at 9 observation points with 4 repetitions, in which the duration of observations was 10 minutes at each observation point. The observation was conducted in the morning and evening at 06.30-10.00 AM and 03.30-05.00 PM. The results obtained were 2586 bird individuals consisting of 14 species from 11 families. The species with the highest number of individuals are Lonchura punctulata with 1535 individuals and Bubulcus ibis with 637 individuals. The highest percentage of families by species is Ardeidae (22%), and Estrildidae (15%). The Shannon-Wiener bird species diversity index in the paddy field area during paddy ripening phase was obtained H'=1.24 which indicates the level of diversity of the bird species is moderate. Meanwhile, based on the dominance index, Simpson shows a value of C=0.42 which indicates a low bird dominance level. The low level of bird dominance is due to the moderate diversity of species in the paddy field area.

Cultivating catfish is one of the businesses that are of interest in Indonesia. The success of cultivation begins to be determined by the provision of seeds. Healthy seeds lead to a high survival rate, and unhealthy seeds due to disease will cause a high mortality rate, causing losses in the cultivation business. Bacterial infectious diseases Edwardsiella tarda can cause a low survival rate of catfish seeds, and even the death rate can reach 100%. This study aimed to evaluate and determine the best dosage of asam sunti in feed to control the pathogenic bacteria E. tarda infection in catfish. Asam sunti was given through feed with different treatment doses, with concentrate 0% (K), 0.5% (P1), 1% (P2), 2% (P3), and 4% (P4) for 14 days after being infected with pathogenic bacteria. The effect of giving asam sunti was measured by observing the survival of fish. The results showed that the administration of asam sunti could control the bacterial diseases of E. tarda bacteria sequentially control (K) is 0%, (P1) is 16.67%, (P2) 40%, (P3) 66.67%, and (P4) 90%. From these results, it can be concluded that the 4% asam sunti dose is the best dose for the survival of catfish seeds, with the survival rate for pathogenic bacteria E. tarda at 90%.

Mastitis is one  of the causes  of diseases that can reduce livestock production.  Mastitis can be caused by various types of bacteria that cause a decrease in livestock production that is difficult to cure with antibiotics has been reported resistance. This study aims to determine gram-negative bacteria that can be the cause of mastitis in cows. The study used samples taken from folk farms by means of livestock udder swabs. Bacterial isolation is carried out by  planting in Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) media  and identifying by Gram staining  and  biochemical tests (maltose and lactose). The data analysis used is descriptive analysis, namely the types of bacteria as the causative agents of mastitis.  The results of the study obtained bacteria that cause mastitis of  gram-negative species Klebsiella  sp and Enterobacter sp yang classified as Gram-negative  bacteria. It can be concluded that in cows indicated mastitis there are Gram-negative bacteria, these are morphologically identified, namely Klebsiella  sp and Enterobacter sp.

Many pig and broiler farmers struggle to reduce the use of antimicrobials on their farms. The improvement of the level of biosecurity certainly is one of the most effective ways to prevent pathogens entering the farm. Research is focused however also on other strategies, which may reduce the reliance on antimicrobials: increase animals’ resilience, early detection of diseases and targeted use of antimicrobials. These three strategies may exert a long term effect on the necessity tofight animal diseases. Several innovations are being tested that belong to these strategies, but most of these techniques have not yet been applied at farm scale In this paper a first analysis has been carried out to estimate the costs and benefits of innovations to improve resilience, to early detect diseases and to implement a targeted use of antimicrobials. As most of the innovations have been tested in experimental settings, the results of the economic analysis still have be treated with care. It provides however a first assessment of the economic convenience of the innovations and a list of key performance indicators that need to be taken into account in the analysis. For this analysis the partial budgeting approach has been used. Where broilers are concerned the analysis has been centred on on-farm hatching, elevated platforms, use of probiotics, automatic weighing systems and targeted use of non-antimicrobial feed and/or water additives. For pigs the analysis has been focused on innovative enrichment material to improve pig welfare and video-surveillance systems to early detect diseases.

Abortifacient pathogens such as bacterial [Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Leptospira interrogans ser., Coxiella burnetii, Campylobacter spp., Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp.], mycotic [Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp.], protozoan [Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp.], and viral [Blue tongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)] pathogens are challenges for the productive and reproductive performance of ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) globally. No comprehensive report on epidemiology, associated risk factors, or economic burden of these infectious pathogens is available for Nigeria. This review estimated the distribution and burden of abortive pathogens in ruminants in Nigeria for the last twenty-two years (2000-2022). Research articles reporting the detection of any of the above-mentioned abortive pathogens in ready-to-slaughter ruminants (RTSR), sick ruminants (SR), and ruminants with abortive history (RWAH) in Nigeria were accessed using different repositories, including Google Scholar, Proquest, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated risk factors. From a total of 140 articles selected for this review, eight bacterial, four viral, two parasitic, and two mycotic infectious agents were reported for Nigeria. This study reveals a prevalence of 28.2% viral agents, 14.43% bacterial pathogens, 14.24% protozoans, and 28.1% fungal agents in the reported tested samples. Brucellosis was the most often reported among bacterial diseases, followed by leptospirosis and listeriosis. PPRV infection was the most common viral disease, followed by BTV. Additionally, two parasitic diseases, neosporosis and toxoplasmosis, and two mycotic diseases, aspergillosis and candidiasis, were reported. In this study, stillbirth and abortion were recorded in 49.2% of sheep with PPRV, 58.95% in goats with Chlamydophila abortus and PPRV, and 6.4% in cattle with Brucella abortus and Histophilus somni infections. Lack of vaccines, open markets, and extensive husbandry systems were among the risk factors associated with different abortive pathogens. This study is a useful tool for researchers and government officers in risk assessment and management of livestock to improve livestock production in Nigeria

intracellular pathogen Brucella and the free-living bacteria Ochrobactrum are both α-proteobacteria and very close to each other. A group of researchers recently clustered Ochrobactrum strains into the genus Brucella according to a BLAST distance approach. Thus, we performed a deeper comparative genetic analysis for eleven Ochrobactrum strains and twelve different Brucella isolates to demonstrate important differences between these bacteria. In addition to the clear differences between Brucella and Ochrobactrum, like the differences in genes contents, and different genome sizes, the Brucella-specific gene bscp31 was not found in Ochrobactrum, as well as other important Brucella-specific proteins and virulence factors. Differences in antimicrobial resistance genes content and the presence or absence of plasmids were obvious between Brucella and Ochrobactrum spp. Genome alignment of Brucella spp. and Ochrobactrum spp. revealed a genome similarity of 85.7% maximum, whereas all analyzed Brucella spp. in this study had a similarity of 97.6-99.9%, and all compared Ochrobactrum spp. 82.6-98.0%. Because of these facts mentioned in this work, Brucella and Ochrobactrum should be considered separate genera

Background: Brucellosis is an important infectious zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It has global significance due to its adverse effects on public health, economics, and trade of animals and animal products. The causative agents of brucellosis, which have no plasmids or toxins and show distinctive virulence, are most significantly represented by intracellular survival. The commonly used antimicrobial drugs are not capable of entering the Brucella-infected cells that are safe from antibiotic treatment, but such treatments are only effective in the bacteremia phase of infection. Reports on the therapeutic management and cure of bovine brucellosis are limited in the literature. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the combined oxytetracycline and streptomycin with benzylpenicillin injections in naturally Brucella-infected high-yielding dairy cross-breed cows. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the sero-molecular prevalence and therapeutic responses of combined oxytetracycline and streptomycin with benzylpenicillin in naturally Brucella-infected dairy cross-bred cows. Materials and Methods: Serum samples of 460 (290 from Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, 170 from Military Dairy Farm, Savar, Dhaka) lactating cross-bred cows along with their milk samples were collected randomly. Serum samples were screened for brucellosis with the Rapid Antigen Kit Test, Rose Bengal Test (RBT), and Milk ring test (MRT), and positive samples were tested further with PCR for confirmatory diagnosis. Out of 11 all tests positive cows, of which three had a history of abortion were selected for therapeutic trials with combined long-acting oxytetracycline @ 25 mg/kg BW 3 doses at 24-hour intervals via intrauterine injection and streptomycin @ 20 mg/kg BW with benzylpenicillin @ 40,000 IU/kg 5 doses at 24 hours interval via intramuscular injections. Blood samples of all the Brucella-negative control and pre- and post-treatment stages of all the Brucella-infected cows were tested for Brucella by using PCR. Results: Out of 460 randomly collected serum samples, 18 serum samples 3.9% (95% CI 2.4-6.2) were found positive using RBT and Rapid Antigen Kit Test and 13 of the samples 2.8% (CI 1.5-4.9) were positive respectively. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 3.9% (95% CI 2.4-6.2) using RBT and Rapid Antigen Kit Test and 2.8% (CI 1.5-4.9) using Milk Ring Test, respectively. The odds of brucellosis were 7.4 times (95% CI: 2.5-21.5) higher in cows with repeat breeding than those without repeat breeding. Moreover, the seroprevalence of brucellosis was significantly higher (Odds ratio: 15.7; 95% CI: 5.2-47.4) in cows with retention of fetal membranes than without retention of fetal membranes. Base pair PCR 602. However, of the three treated cows, three became pregnant on artificial insemination with a normal reproductive cycle which needs to explore its status in further research. Conclusions: Combined antibiotic with oxytetracycline (I/U) and streptomycin with benzylpenicillin (I/M) against clinical Brucella infection showed some encouraging results and can be implemented at the field level.