This study aimed to demonstrate the expected positive effect of Silymarin on the histometrical parameters of the testis in rabbits, which is reflected in the process of sperm production. A total of 30 adult healthy male rabbits, weighted 1500- 1700 g and aged 5- 6 months, were used and divided into three comparable groups according to treatment doses of Silymarin. dentification of germ cells or Sertoli cells is done based on many considerations: the size of these cells, their outline features within the sequences of division, the level of their acrosome, and the shape of their nucleus. The results show that the thickness of the capsule, number of germinal cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells were significantly increased in the first and second groups as compared with the control group, while the average diameter of the seminal tubule was higher in the control group than the treated groups. In conclusions, the silymarin has a very clear effect on the histological measurements in the testicle and the number of cells present in it, which leads to improving the process of sperm production.

A frankincense functional beverage's impact on diabetic rats' ability to maintain healthy blood sugar levels is the focus of this research. Some have speculated that functional beverages may have medicinal properties. In this study, we induced diabetes in rats with alloxan. We categorized the rats into four groups. We administered a raw frankincense beverage orally to one group, and a synbiotic functional frankincense beverage containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5) and FOS prebiotics to the other. The remaining two groups served as the negative and positive control groups for 45 days. Treatment group participants showed significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels and demonstrated an improvement in gut microbiota after 45 days. compared to control group participants, according to the results. These results provide more evidence that the frankincense functional beverage might be a useful adjunct to traditional diabetes treatment strategies, particularly in the area of glycemic control and the prevention of diabetes-related complications. We need to validate these findings and explore the underlying processes through additional clinical trial-based studies.

 Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis (IB), a highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory, reproductive, and renal systems in chickens. There is no approved drug, and vaccination often fails to protect due to high mutation and recombination rates. This study evaluated the effect of ribavirin on broilers' experimental IB. Diseased broilers with IB were confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The IBV was passed in embryonated chicken eggs three times to propagate the virus. The allantoic fluid (AF) from the third viral passage was used to infect broiler chicks. Fifty-four unvaccinated chicks, 17- days -old each, were used to evaluate the antiviral effect of ribavirin. The chicks were divided into infected (36 chicks) and noninfected (18 chicks) groups. The 36 chicks were divided into four equal groups, and the remaining 18 birds were divided into two groups and kept in a separate facility. When the birds reached 17 days of age, 36 birds were infected with IBV by intranasal administration of 0.2 mL AF. The same day the chicks were infected with IBV, ribavirin treatment began and was repeated twice daily for seven days. On the fifth day of infection, we collected tracheal swab samples from the birds for PCR testing, which confirmed the presence of the IBV virus in all of them. However, we observed no mortality. Our experimental data, including PCR test results, chicks' body weight, temperature, feeding, water consumption, clinical signs, postmortem, and histopathological examinations, showed that ribavirin wasineffective against IBV. 

Spilopelia senegalensis, a species of laughing dove native to Iraq, has successfully adapted to the Kurdistan Region. The world's sub-Saharan Africa, Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and some other Middle East countries were among the regions it settled. The laughing dove first appeared in the middle and southern regions of Iraq in 2005. In the current study, 100 laughing doves (Spilopelia senegalensis), of various ages and sexes, were examined microscopically using blood smears stained with Giemsa. Fecal samples were aseptically taken from the intestines after the birds had been slaughtered and fully bled. Both centrifugal sedimentation and flotation techniques were used to analyze the fecal samples. The results of the investigation showed that 43 out of 100 doves (43% of them) had a plasmodium species infection. We documented that the most infective parasite infection in doves and this will be the first report in Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

 Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite found extensively in humans and various animals, including domestic poultry, is widely distributed across the globe. Its ability to invade host cells depends on a special combination of cytoskeletal and secretory organelles. Meat from infected poultry, such as turkey and chicken, is widely consumed worldwide and is the primary source of T. gondii infection in humans, however, scant information exists regarding the prevalence of T. gondii in domestic turkey (Meleagris galbpavol) in Iraq. In this study, antibodies against T. gondii were investigated in 38 M. galbpavol randomly from different areas of Basrah Province utilizing the latex agglutination test (LAT) and T. gondii (Toxo) IgM/IgG Antibody Rapid Test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). T. gondii antibodies (LAT) were discovered in 14 (36.84%) of the 38 samples, whereas T. gondii antibodies (Rapid Test) were found in 8 (21.05%), As for the ELISA test were found 7(18.42%) infected. High rates of toxoplasmosis in Basrah Province indicate soil contamination with the Oocysts of parasite, which can be attributed to the presence of cats and turkeys in the same locations. Depending on the present results, the turkey meat may be representing a significant source of human T. gondii infection in the studied area. This is the first study in Basrah province to detect Toxoplasmosis in M. galbpavol by using serological methods.

A viral disease known as bluetongue (BT) can afflict ruminants, both domestic and wild. It is dispersed by arthropods, particularly species of Culicoides. The disease is brought on by the BT virus (BTV), which belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. This review covers the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis, and management of the disease. BTV infection causes large direct economic losses because of high morbidity, mortality, stillbirths, abortions, fetal abnormalities, low birth weight in young animals, decreased milk yield and fertility rate, weight loss, early culling, and losses of meat and fleece. Fever (105-106° F), serous to bloody nasal discharge, mucopurulent discharge later on, hyperemia and edema of the lips, face, tongue, ears, and submaxillary region (looking like a monkey face), oral erosions and ulcers, and in rare cases, cyanosis of the tongue are the most common clinical symptoms. The disease is diagnosed using either immune response detection or pathogen identification. The OIE recommends four serodiagnosis tests: CFT, AGID, competitive, and indirect ELISA. Vaccines that are inactivated pose a lower risk than those that are live attenuated. Because there are so many BTV serotypes and susceptible hosts, controlling BTV is very difficult.

lupus is an autoimmune disease that occurs in animals and humans, characterized by producing autoimmune antibodies against its cells proteins. The present study investigates the tissues changes of the liver in BALB/c mice with lupus and investigation the effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MCSs) for treatment of the tissues pathological changes. The study included forty BALB/c mice, the animals divided into equally four groups. G1 included mice with lupus. G2 included mice with lupus, then treated by BM-MCSs. G3 are administered BM-MCSs alone. G4 administrated PBS. After ending the treatment periods, all the animals were sacrificed. The liver was placed in buffer formalin 10% and sent to the histopathology laboratory to determine the histopathological changes in all study groups. The histopathological changes of G1 are liver severe necrosis with atrophy, hydropic lever cells, very wide sinusoids, severe hemorrhage, and engorged central vein. G2 showed normal lever cells with slight necrosis. G3 and G4 showed normal architecture of the liver tissue. Lupus causes histopathological changes in the mice's liver; MSC can ameliorate and treat the liver's histopathological changes in BLAB/c mice with lupus.

The current study was designed to isolation and identification of Escherichia coli from chicken droppings and explore the presence of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in chickens in Basrah province, the period extending from 18 October 2023 to 13 January 2024. Of 204 samples, 102 were from backyard chickens, 48 were from poultry fields, and 54 were from chicken shops, 109 (53.4%) were found to be positive for E. coli using conventional microbiological techniques. The PCR was used to confirm the isolates targeting the uidA gene of E. coli. The results of this technique indicated that 84 (77%) of them were Escherichia coli found in the examined samples. All isolates were undergone a polymerase chain reaction to detect Shiga-toxins genes (stx1, stx2). Neither stx1 nor stx2 were detected in any of the examined E. Coli strains.These results indicated that the E. coli isolates from chicken were negative for Shiga toxin (stx1, stx2) genes.

AbstractThis research planned to investigate the morphological structures of the oropharynx cavity and microscopic features of palatine salivary glands in domesticated goose. Ten heads of adult healthy geese collected from slaughterhouse. Five heads were prepared for macroscopic examination and five heads were processed for histochemical investigation of the palatine salivary glands. Anatomically, the oropharynx cavity was divided into roof and floor. The oropharyngeal roof composed of the rostral region (lamellae part) and the caudal region (papillae part). Median palatine ridge divided lamellar part into two equal sides. Each side had three longitudinal rows of palatine round tubercle. The oropharyngeal floor subdivided into rostral part occupying by the tongue and caudal part including the laryngeal mound. Horny bristle lamellae existed on the lateral margins of the beak. Three clefts were observed including choanae, infundibular cleft and glottis. The tongue was flat elongated and rostrally carried the lingual nail. The microscopic findings showed that the palatine salivary glands were mucus secreting and simple branched tubular glands. A mucus cell was tall columnar with basally located nucleus. Also, the mucus cell secreted neutral and acid mucosubstances but proteins and glycogens were absent. The palatine glands contained numerous lymphatic nodules which protected the oropharyngeal mucosa from invasion of microorganisms. The characteristic features of the oropharynx and secretions of the palatine glands showed their adaptation based on the type of food and feeding behavior in domesticated goose.

AbstractObesity is chronic disease, leads to fatty liver, its abnormal function tests and hyperlipidemia, exercise improved the lipid profile, liver histomorphology and functions, herbs were frequently included in obesity management, this study aimed to investigate effects of swimming and mixture of garlic and lemon juice on lipid profile, liver function and losing of weight as well. twenty adult male albino rats of about 240 ± 10 gram body weight & 12 weeks old were used and were randomly divided into four experimental groups, during 28 days of experiments first group fed the standard pellet diet, second group fed with the high formulated diet (HFD) , third group fed with the HFD , with orally administration of 28 ml of mixture of garlic and lemon, last group fed with the HFD, and doing swimming 30 minute/day, body weight, lipid profile and serum levels of AST, ALP, ALP were measured as well as evaluation of liver histopathology, all indicated loose of body weight, significantly decreased liver function test parameters and serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increase of HDL in exercise and treated groups (P value ≤0.01), beside preserving histology of liver compared to fatty liver in model group, the study concluded that obesity can induces fatty liver and deteriorate its functions, accompanied by hyperlipidemia, in other hands swimming and administration mixture of allium sativum and Citrus limon significantly decrease the cholesterol, TG, LDL, and liver function test parameters while increasing HDL and ameliorate the liver histopathological lesions as well.