Objectives: This study aimed to compare the body weight (BW), milk yield, nutritional status, and profitability of moderate genetic (MG) and high genetic (HG) merit of Holstein crossbred (HC) cows in a tropical region under the existing farming system. Materials and Methods: Data was gathered from 204 nursing cows of MG (n = 99) and HG (n = 105) merit of HC cows throughout a year in the dairy zone Keraniganj, Bangladesh. HC cows of MG and HG merit contained 50.0%–67.7% and 75.0%–87.5% Holstein blood, respectively. Data on genetic merit, BW, lactation stage and number, daily milk yield, feed intake, feed, and milk price were documented. All variables were except genetic merit analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: HC cows of MG and HG merit had 433 and 493 kg BW (p < 0.01), and daily produced 11.99 and 14.06 kg milk (p = 0.07) with having 0.99 and 1.15 feed efficiency (p = 0.06), respectively but dry matter intake did not vary (p > 0.05). HC cows of both genetic merit daily offered surplus metabolizable energy and digestible crude protein through roughage and concentrate than their requirement (p > 0.05). The milk production cost of both genetic merit HC cows was alike (p > 0.05), whereas almost two times more profit was obtained in HG merit HC compared to MG merit HC cows (p < 0.05). Conclusion: HC cows of HG merit showed superior potentiality of milk yield, profit, and feed efficiency, whereas MG merit HC cows revealed inferior feed efficiency and milk yield. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 686-692]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the body weight (BW), milk yield, nutritional status, and profitability of moderate genetic (MG) and high genetic (HG) merit of Holstein crossbred (HC) cows in a tropical region under the existing farming system. Materials and Methods: Data was gathered from 204 nursing cows of MG (n = 99) and HG (n = 105) merit of HC cows throughout a year in the dairy zone Keraniganj, Bangladesh. HC cows of MG and HG merit contained 50.0%–67.7% and 75.0%–87.5% Holstein blood, respectively. Data on genetic merit, BW, lactation stage and number, daily milk yield, feed intake, feed, and milk price were documented. All variables were except genetic merit analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: HC cows of MG and HG merit had 433 and 493 kg BW (p < 0.01), and daily produced 11.99 and 14.06 kg milk (p = 0.07) with having 0.99 and 1.15 feed efficiency (p = 0.06), respectively but dry matter intake did not vary (p > 0.05). HC cows of both genetic merit daily offered surplus metabolizable energy and digestible crude protein through roughage and concentrate than their requirement (p > 0.05). The milk production cost of both genetic merit HC cows was alike (p > 0.05), whereas almost two times more profit was obtained in HG merit HC compared to MG merit HC cows (p < 0.05). Conclusion: HC cows of HG merit showed superior potentiality of milk yield, profit, and feed efficiency, whereas MG merit HC cows revealed inferior feed efficiency and milk yield. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 686–692, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k818

Objective: The current study evaluated the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of dairy cattle through the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) model and illustrated potential mitigation strategies by modifying nutrition interventions. Materials and Methods: A semi-structural questionnaire was developed to calculate dairy animal GHG emissions. This study comprised 40 farmers from four districts: river basin (Pabna), drought-prone (Chapainobabganj), floodplain (Nilphamari), and saline-prone (Sathkhira) areas. Ten lac¬tating cows (two cows from each farmer) were also selected to collect information on feeding practices, feed resources, feed intake (roughages and concentrate), water intake, and production and reproductive parameters for 7 days at each site during two seasons: dry (November– February) and wet (June–October). Results: The GHG emissions from the river basin area were significantly (p < 0.05) higher due to low-quality roughages (75%), whereas CH4/kg of milk production was the lowest (77.0 gm). In contrast, the area that frequently experiences drought showed a different pattern. For instance, the generation of CH4 from enteric fermentation was 1187.4 tons/year, while the production of CH4 and N2O from manure management was 323.1 tons/year and 4.86 tons/year, respectively. In comparison to other climatic areas, these values were the lowest because the supply of green grass was twice as abundant as in the other climatic areas (40%). The quantity of CH4/kg of milk produced in an area susceptible to drought did not vary. Conclusion: Implementing feeding systems in drought-prone areas is a successful approach to reducing GHG emissions in the dairy industry in Bangladesh. Consequently, implementing feed-balancing techniques can enhance productivity and foster environmentally sustainable ani¬mal production. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 664-674]

Objective: The current study evaluated the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of dairy cattle through the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) model and illustrated potential mitigation strategies by modifying nutrition interventions. Materials and Methods: A semi-structural questionnaire was developed to calculate dairy animal GHG emissions. This study comprised 40 farmers from four districts: river basin (Pabna), drought prone (Chapainobabganj), floodplain (Nilphamari), and saline-prone (Sathkhira) areas. Ten lactating cows (two cows from each farmer) were also selected to collect information on feeding practices, feed resources, feed intake (roughages and concentrate), water intake, and productive and reproductive parameters for 7 days at each site during two seasons: dry (November– February) and wet (June–October). Results: The GHG emissions from the river basin area were significantly (p < 0.05) higher due to low-quality roughages (75%), whereas CH4 /kg of milk production was the lowest (77.0 gm). In contrast, the area that frequently experiences drought showed a different pattern. For instance, the generation of CH4 from enteric fermentation was 1187.4 tons/year, while the production of CH4 and N2O from manure management was 323.1 tons/year and 4.86 tons/year, respectively. In comparison to other climatic areas, these values were the lowest because the supply of green grass was twice as abundant as in the other climatic areas (40%). The quantity of CH4 /kg of milk produced in an area susceptible to drought did not vary. Conclusion: Implementing feeding systems in drought-prone areas is a successful approach to reducing GHG emissions in the dairy industry in Bangladesh. Consequently, implementing feed-balancing techniques can enhance productivity and foster environmentally sustainable animal production. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 664–674, September 2024http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k816

Objective: This study was conducted to isolate and identify probiotic bacteria from wild stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), a very popular high-valued aquaculture species of Bangladesh. The isolates were identified through conventional culture-based and molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: Stinging catfish harvested from natural sources of three sampling sites under two districts (Kishoreganj and Netrakona) were collected, dissected for gut content, and cultured onto Lactobacillus MRS Agar plates. Out of 60 bacterial isolates obtained, 10 were cho¬sen for an in vitro evaluation of their probiotic potentials through pH and bile tolerance tests. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the selected isolates were searched against the NCBI database using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for Nucleotides (BLASTNs). Results: The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus arlettae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus succinus, Bacillus velezensis, Kocuria subflava, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Lysinibacillus sphaeri¬cus, Glutamicibacter mysorens, Bacillus cereus, and Acinetobacter lwoffii. Among them, B. subtilis, S. succinus, B. velezensis, M. caseolyticus, G. mysorens, and B. cereus exhibited notable growth across all tested pH levels (pH 2, 3, and 4) and bile salt concentrations (0.3%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) sug¬gesting that they have strong potential as probiotic bacteria. In addition, S. arlettae also indicated promising growth except at pH 2. L. sphaericus and K. subflava exhibited limited growth at low pH but tolerated bile salt concentrations. A. lwoffii did not show any growth at pH tests but minimal growth at the lower concentrations of bile salts. Conclusion: According to the potentiality assessments and previous literature reviews, five iso¬lates such as B. subtilis, S. succinus, M. caseolyticus, G. mysorens, and B. cereus were identified as potential probiotic bacteria. As species-specific probiotics are considered to perform more effec¬tively and efficiently than unknown-sourced commercial probiotics, the findings of this study will be applicable in enhancing the aquaculture production of stinging catfish. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 560-572]

Objective: This study was conducted to isolate and identify probiotic bacteria from wild stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), a very popular high-valued aquaculture species of Bangladesh. The isolates were identified through conventional culture-based and molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: Stinging catfish harvested from natural sources of three sampling sites under two districts (Kishoreganj and Netrakona) were collected, dissected for gut content, and cultured onto Lactobacillus MRS Agar plates. Out of 60 bacterial isolates obtained, 10 were chosen for an in vitro evaluation of their probiotic potentials through pH and bile tolerance tests. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the selected isolates were searched against the NCBI database using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for Nucleotides (BLASTNs). Results: The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus arlettae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus succinus, Bacillus velezensis, Kocuria subflava, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Glutamicibacter mysorens, Bacillus cereus, and Acinetobacter lwoffii. Among them, B. subtilis, S. succinus, B. velezensis, M. caseolyticus, G. mysorens, and B. cereus exhibited notable growth across all tested pH levels (pH 2, 3, and 4) and bile salt concentrations (0.3%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) suggesting that they have strong potential as probiotic bacteria. In addition, S. arlettae also indicated promising growth except at pH 2. L. sphaericus and K. subflava exhibited limited growth at low pH but tolerated bile salt concentrations. A. lwoffii did not show any growth at pH tests but minimal growth at the lower concentrations of bile salts. Conclusion: According to the potentiality assessments and previous literature reviews, five isolates such as B. subtilis, S. succinus, M. caseolyticus, G. mysorens, and B. cereus were identified as potential probiotic bacteria. As species-specific probiotics are considered to perform more effectively and efficiently than unknown-sourced commercial probiotics, the findings of this study will be applicable in enhancing the aquaculture production of stinging catfish. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 560-572, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k806

Objective: This study explores consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for labeled and certified chicken meat in Mymensingh district, examining the key socioeconomic and demographic factors that shape these preferences. Materials and Method: Data were gathered through structured interviews with 300 participants from diverse urban and rural demographics, encompassing various occupational groups. The analysis employed logistic regression models to examine the determinants of WTP for labeling and certification, with a focus on variables such as income, education, health perception, environmental awareness, dependency ratio, and market distance. Results: The study found that a significant proportion of consumers preferred labeled (64%) and certified (71%) broiler meat. Strong links between higher income and education levels and increased WTP suggest that wealthier and more literate consumers are more likely to invest in food safety measures. Positive health and environmental perceptions also played a role, with more conscious consumers willing to pay a premium for labeled and certified products. On the other hand, a higher dependency ratio and greater market distance were associated with lower WTP, underscoring the impact of socioeconomic constraints and accessibility issues on consumer choices. Conclusion: Introducing labeling and certification systems could strengthen consumer trust and enhance public health, offering substantial benefits to both the poultry industry and the broader economy in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 772-781]

Objective: This study explores consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for labeled and certified chicken meat in Mymensingh district, examining the key socioeconomic and demographic factors that shape these preferences. Materials and Method: Data were gathered through structured interviews with 300 participants from diverse urban and rural demographics, encompassing various occupational groups. The analysis employed logistic regression models to examine the determinants of WTP for labeling and certification, with a focus on variables such as income, education, health perception, environmental awareness, dependency ratio, and market distance. Results: The study found that a significant proportion of consumers preferred labeled (64%) and certified (71%) broiler meat. Strong links between higher income and education levels and increased WTP suggest that wealthier and more literate consumers are more likely to invest in food safety measures. Positive health and environmental perceptions also played a role, with more conscious consumers willing to pay a premium for labeled and certified products. On the other hand, a higher dependency ratio and greater market distance were associated with lower WTP, underscoring the impact of socioeconomic constraints and accessibility issues on consumer choices. Conclusion: Introducing labeling and certification systems could strengthen consumer trust and enhance public health, offering substantial benefits to both the poultry industry and the broader economy in Bangladesh. J. Adv. Vet. 11(3): 772-781, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k829

Objective: This research was conducted to analyze the effect of cryopreservation of sperm using modified cryoprotectants on embryo development through in vitro fertilization (IVF). In this research, three types of cryoprotectant combinations were compared, including Nakagata, modified cryoprotectant, and commercial (Kitazato). Materials and Methods: Several parameters, namely sperm concentration, motility, morphology, plasma membrane integrity, cryo-survival rate, and viability rate, were measured and compared before vitrification and warming. Embryo development was also observed on the first and third days of development based on the cell number, cell size, and fragmentation rate. Results: Sperm cryopreservation exhibited a negative influence on embryo quality. Both Nakagata cryoprotectants and modified cryoprotectants attained good-quality embryos. In terms of embryonic development, this research revealed a modified cryoprotectant superior to Nakagata's cryoprotectant, although Kitazato was superior to the Nakagata cryoprotectant and modified cryoprotectant. Significant differences were found in the three cryoprotectants on observations on day 1 and day 3, all of them with p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: Modified cryoprotectant was found to be better than Nakagata but less significant than Kitazato in terms of embryonic development quality. Therefore, modified cryoprotectants could be a better alternative compared to commercial (Kitazato) cryoprotectants for improving embryo quality. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 544-552]

Objective: This research was conducted to analyze the effect of cryopreservation of sperm using modified cryoprotectants on embryo development through in vitro fertilization (IVF). In this research, three types of cryoprotectant combinations were compared, including Nakagata, modified cryoprotectant, and commercial (Kitazato). Materials and Methods: Several parameters, namely sperm concentration, motility, morphology, plasma membrane integrity, cryo-survival rate, and viability rate, were measured and compared before vitrification and warming. Embryo development was also observed on the first and third days of development based on the cell number, cell size, and fragmentation rate. Results: Sperm cryopreservation exhibited a negative influence on embryo quality. Both Nakagata cryoprotectants and modified cryoprotectants attained good-quality embryos. In terms of embryonic development, this research revealed a modified cryoprotectant superior to Nakagata’s cryoprotectant, although Kitazato was superior to the Nakagata cryoprotectant and modified cryoprotectant. Significant differences were found in the three cryoprotectants on observations on day 1 and day 3, all of them with p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: Modified cryoprotectant was found to be better than Nakagata but less significant than Kitazato in terms of embryonic development quality. Therefore, modified cryoprotectants could be a better alternative compared to commercial (Kitazato) cryoprotectants for improving embryo quality. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 554–552, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k804

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the circulating Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) from slaughtered goats and conduct a phylogenetic analysis of the N gene of PPRV. Materials and Methods: A total of 196 slaughtered goats were investigated at the marketplaces of Mymensingh division from January 2019 to March 2021. Lungs, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected for histology and molecular study. In-house developed Reverse- Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) protocols were carried out using designed primer sets (PPRV NF-gctctgtgattgcggctgagc and PPRV NR-cctggtcctccagaatcttggcc). The CLC sequence viewer was used for phylogenetic analysis. Results: Grossly pneumonic lungs, shrinkage spleen, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with hemorrhages were recorded. Both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in lymphocytes of the mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and lungs. PPRV was detected in 37 goats (18.9%) by RT-PCR test. The 402-bp amplicon was generated in PPRV-positive cases. The phylo¬genetic analysis showed that the studied PPRV isolates of the Mymensingh division belonged to lineage IV. Conclusion: The prevalence of PPR was 18.9% in slaughtered goats at marketplaces in the Mymensingh division. Slaughterhouses may be a source of PPRV, and it can be horizontally trans¬mitted from the meat market to the farm. Restricting sick animal movement within the country, mass PPR vaccination campaigns, increased awareness, and improved biosecurity in the meat market may lessen the incidence of PPR in goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 655-663]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the circulating Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) from slaughtered goats and conduct a phylogenetic analysis of the N gene of PPRV. Materials and Methods: A total of 196 slaughtered goats were investigated at the marketplaces of Mymensingh division from January 2019 to March 2021. Lungs, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected for histology and molecular study. In-house developed Reverse-Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) protocols were carried out using designed primer sets (PPRV NF-gctctgtgattgcggctgagc and PPRV NR-cctggtcctccagaatcttggcc). The CLC sequence viewer was used for phylogenetic analysis. Results: Grossly pneumonic lungs, shrinkage spleen, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with hemorrhages were recorded. Both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in lymphocytes of the mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and lungs. PPRV was detected in 37 goats (18.9%) by RT-PCR test. The 402-bp amplicon was generated in PPRV-positive cases. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the studied PPRV isolates of the Mymensingh division belonged to lineage IV. Conclusion: The prevalence of PPR was 18.9% in slaughtered goats at marketplaces in the Mymensingh division. Slaughterhouses may be a source of PPRV, and it can be horizontally transmitted from the meat market to the farm. Restricting sick animal movement within the country, mass PPR vaccination campaigns, increased awareness, and improved biosecurity in the meat market may lessen the incidence of PPR in goats. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 655–663, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k815

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of green macroalgae as a novel, natural feed additive for broilers that have a greater concentration of active ingredients. Materials and Methods: Four experimental groups of 180-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned, with three replicates in each group: the control group [T0, maintained only with basal diet] and three treatment groups supplemented with macroalgae for 35 days along with basal diet [T1 = 0.05% (w/w); T2 = 0.1% (w/w); T3 = 0.2% (w/w) macroalgae]. Live weight, carcass weight, and organs' weight were noted at the conclusion of the experiment. The meat quality was examined using the muscles of the thighs and breasts, and blood serum was obtained for biochemical assessment. Results: The results revealed that dietary supplementation of green macroalgae (0.1%) in broiler rations significantly (p < 0.05) improved the growth performance compared to other treated groups and controls. With increasing weight, it enhanced meat quality traits assessed by increased water holding capacity, ultimate pH, redness and yellowness, and decreased lightness of muscles in the thighs and breasts. Both the levels of serum cholesterol and abdominal fat decreased and showed no unwholesome effects on liver and kidney functions. Conclusions: For the production of safe and high-quality poultry meat, marine green macroalgae (Enteromorpha intestinalis) could be used as a potential feed additive. It enhanced the growth rate in broilers and improved meat quality and serum biochemical parameters for supplying healthy meat in the human food chain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 524-533]

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of green macroalgae as a novel, natural feed additive for broilers that have a greater concentration of active ingredients. Materials and Methods: Four experimental groups of 180-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned, with three replicates in each group: the control group [T0, maintained only with basal diet] and three treatment groups supplemented with macroalgae for 35 days along with basal diet [T1 = 0.05% (w/w); T2 = 0.1% (w/w); T3 = 0.2% (w/w) macroalgae]. Live weight, carcass weight, and organs’ weight were noted at the conclusion of the experiment. The meat quality was examined using the muscles of the thighs and breasts, and blood serum was obtained for biochemical assessment. Results: The results revealed that dietary supplementation of green macroalgae (0.1%) in broiler rations significantly (p < 0.05) improved the growth performance compared to other treated groups and controls. With increasing weight, it enhanced meat quality traits assessed by increased water holding capacity, ultimate pH, redness and yellowness, and decreased lightness of muscles in the thighs and breasts. Both the levels of serum cholesterol and abdominal fat decreased and showed no unwholesome effects on liver and kidney functions. Conclusions: For the production of safe and high-quality poultry meat, marine green macroalgae (Enteromorpha intestinalis) could be used as a potential feed additive. It enhanced the growth rate in broilers and improved meat quality and serum biochemical parameters for supplying healthy meat in the human food chain. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 524-533, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k802

Objectives: The research was aimed at determining the staining patterns of Peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I) lectin in postnatal developing (day 1 to 8 weeks) male genital excurrent duct epithelium in mice. Materials and Methods: Lectin staining was performed on testis and epididymis of 1-day-old and 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 8-week-old ICR mice. Results: Rete testis epithelia were UEA-I- and PNA-negative at all postnatal ages. PNA lectin unclearly stained the epithelial apical surface in efferent ductules (ED) and ductus epididymis up to 2 weeks, while UEA-I was negative in those epithelia. By contrast, at 3 weeks of age, PNA and/or UEA-I turned to clearly label epithelia in the excurrent duct system. At 5 weeks, efferent ductules epithelium was UEA-I-negative but strongly PNA-positive; segment I was PNA-negative but faintly UEA-I positive; segment II was weakly PNA-positive but strongly UEA-I-positive; segment III was strongly-PNA- and UEA-I-positive; segment IV was weakly UEA-I-positive but strongly PNA positive; and segment V was faintly UEA-I-positive but strongly PNA-positive. At 5 and 8 weeks (the adult), the staining patterns of PNA and UEA-I lectins were nearly identical. Moreover, an increasing staining intensity was observed in both lectins with the advancement of age until 5 weeks of age. Additionally, it was noted that, with the exception of segment I, the staining intensity of PNA gradually increased while that of UEA-I gradually decreased towards the distal section of the ductus epididymis. Conclusion: Lectin PNA and UEA-I staining, in conclusion, indicated epithelial segments in the male genital duct of mice from the postnatal developing age of 3 weeks, and up until 5 weeks, their staining patterns were nearly identical to those in adults. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 516-523]

Objectives: The research was aimed at determining the staining patterns of Peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I) lectin in postnatal developing (day 1 to 8 weeks) male genital excurrent duct epithelium in mice. Materials and Methods: Lectin staining was performed on testis and epididymis of 1-day-old and 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 8-week-old ICR mice. Results: Rete testis epithelia were UEA-I- and PNA-negative at all postnatal ages. PNA lectin unclearly stained the epithelial apical surface in efferent ductules (ED) and ductus epididymis up to 2 weeks, while UEA-I was negative in those epithelia. By contrast, at 3 weeks of age, PNA and/ or UEA-I turned to clearly label epithelia in the excurrent duct system. At 5 weeks, efferent ductules epithelium was UEA-I-negative but strongly PNA-positive; segment I was PNA-negative but faintly UEA-I positive; segment II was weakly PNA-positive but strongly UEA-I-positive; segment III was strongly-PNA- and UEA-I-positive; segment IV was weakly UEA-I-positive but strongly PNApositive; and segment V was faintly UEA-I-positive but strongly PNA-positive. At 5 and 8 weeks (the adult), the staining patterns of PNA and UEA-I lectins were nearly identical. Moreover, an increasing staining intensity was observed in both lectins with the advancement of age until 5 weeks of age. Additionally, it was noted that, with the exception of segment I, the staining intensity of PNA gradually increased while that of UEA-I gradually decreased towards the distal section of the ductus epididymis. Conclusion: Lectin PNA and UEA-I staining, in conclusion, indicated epithelial segments in the male genital duct of mice from the postnatal developing age of 3 weeks, and up until 5 weeks, their staining patterns were nearly identical to those in adults. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 516-523, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k801

Objective: The study aimed to identify the effect of pineapple hump extracts in different doses on increasing the chemical and physical quality of rabbit meat. Materials and Methods: The research stages were carried out with maintenance for two months using a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replicates. P0 = complete ration without pineapple hump extract; P1 = complete ration with the addition of 0.2% pine¬apple hump extract; P2 = complete ration with the addition of 0.4% pineapple hump extract; and P3 = complete ration with the addition of 0.6% pineapple hump extract. The variables observed were the chemical quality of meat (pH, moisture, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content in rabbit meat), and the physical quality (water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss). Results: The data were analyzed using SAS, with significantly different results subjected to Duncan's further testing. The addition of 0.4% pineapple hump extract in rabbit complete rations had a very significant effect on the WHC of 71.62%. The addition of 0.6% pineapple hump extract also had a significant effect on the protein content of meat, increasing it by 19.17%. Conclusion: The effects of pineapple hump extract up to 0.6% in a complete diet of weaned rab¬bits have a positive effect on the physical and chemical quality of rabbit meat, especially on the protein and water-holding capacity of rabbit meat. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 296-301]

Objective: The study aimed to identify the effect of pineapple hump extracts in different doses on increasing the chemical and physical quality of rabbit meat. Materials and Methods: The research stages were carried out with maintenance for two months using a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replicates. P0 = com­plete ration without pineapple hump extract; P1 = complete ration with the addition of 0.2% pine­apple hump extract; P2 = complete ration with the addition of 0.4% pineapple hump extract; and P3 = complete ration with the addition of 0.6% pineapple hump extract. The variables observed were the chemical quality of meat (pH, moisture, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content in rabbit meat), and the physical quality (water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss). Results: The data were analyzed using SAS, with significantly different results subjected to Duncan’s further testing. The addition of 0.4% pineapple hump extract in rabbit complete rations had a very significant effect on the WHC of 71.62%. The addition of 0.6% pineapple hump extract also had a significant effect on the protein content of meat, increasing it by 19.17%. Conclusion: The effects of pineapple hump extract up to 0.6% in a complete diet of weaned rab­bits have a positive effect on the physical and chemical quality of rabbit meat, especially on the protein and water-holding capacity of rabbit meat. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 296-301, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k776

Objective: In the present research work, we examined the dietary Moringa oleifera effect on gut health and growth traits in chickens. Materials and Methods: There were 280 chicks (day old) that were weighted and allotted uni¬formly in seven groupings, each containing eight replicates (n = 5). Birds were supplemented with M. oleifera leaf extract (MLE) and seed extract (MSE) for 35 days. Group I was the control (fed merely basal diets), while Group II received 0.8% MLE, Group III was given 0.8% MSE, Group IV was given 1.2% MLE, Group V was given 1.2% MSE, Group VI was given 0.8% MLE + 0.8% MSE, and Group VII was given 1.2% MLE + 1.2% MSE. At the end of the fifth week, two chickens were selected from each replica, and samples (small intestine and ileal ingesta) were collected. Results: The chicken diet with MLE and MSE supplements saw significant improvement (p < 0.05) in both feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain (BWG). In the small intestine (duodenal, jejunal, and ileal), dietary MLE and MSE supplements significantly increased (p < 0.05) the surface area of the villus and the ratio of their height/crypt depth in comparison to the control group. The MLE and MSE supplements significantly increased (p < 0.05) the total goblet cell counts in the small intestine. The Lactobacillus spp. count was significantly improved (p < 0.05) and reduced (p < 0.05) in Escherichia coli counts when the bird diet was supplemented with MLE (0.8%) and MSE (0.8%). Conclusion: Results indicated that M. oleifera leaf and seed extract diet improved the growth trait and gut health in chickens. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 339-348]

Objective: In the present research work, we examined the dietary Moringa oleifera effect on gut health and growth traits in chickens. Materials and Methods: There were 280 chicks (day old) that were weighted and allotted uni­formly in seven groupings, each containing eight replicates (n = 5). Birds were supplemented with M. oleifera leaf extract (MLE) and seed extract (MSE) for 35 days. Group I was the control (fed merely basal diets), while Group II received 0.8% MLE, Group III was given 0.8% MSE, Group IV was given 1.2% MLE, Group V was given 1.2% MSE, Group VI was given 0.8% MLE + 0.8% MSE, and Group VII was given 1.2% MLE + 1.2% MSE. At the end of the fifth week, two chickens were selected from each replica, and samples (small intestine and ileal ingesta) were collected. Results: The chicken diet with MLE and MSE supplements saw significant improvement (p < 0.05) in both feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain (BWG). In the small intestine (duodenal, jejunal, and ileal), dietary MLE and MSE supplements significantly increased (p < 0.05) the surface area of the villus and the ratio of their height/crypt depth in comparison to the control group. The MLE and MSE supplements significantly increased (p < 0.05) the total goblet cell counts in the small intestine. The Lactobacillus spp. count was significantly improved (p < 0.05) and reduced (p < 0.05) in Escherichia coli counts when the bird diet was supplemented with MLE (0.8%) and MSE (0.8%). Conclusion: Results indicated that M. oleifera leaf and seed extract diet improved the growth trait and gut health in chickens. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 339-348, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k782