Objective: The present study was carried out for the isolation, identification and antibiogram study of Salmonella spp. from apparently healthy Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) at three different quail farms in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 75 cloacal swab samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy Japanese quails from three different farms at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The samples were subjected to a series of cultural and biochemical examination for the isolation of Salmonella followed by molecular detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Motility of the Salmonella was performed by motility test and amplification of speF gene. The antibiogram profile of the isolates was also evaluated against commonly used antimicrobials by disc diffusion method. Results: The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. in quails was found to be 13.33%(n=10/75). Out of the 10 isolates, seven were found to be motile. Farmwise, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. were 10%(n=3/30), 24%(n=6/25) and 5%(n=1/20) at the quail farms of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Shikarikanda and Akua, respectively. The antibiogram study revealed that all the isolates were resistant to both Erythromycin and Tetracycline. On the other hand, 100% isolates were sensitive to both Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem. Ninety percent isolates of Salmonella were resistant to Colistin sulphate. Neomycin was found to be sensitive to 80% Salmonella isolates. All the Salmonella isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). Conclusion: The presence of MDR Salmonella spp. in quails signifies public health importance of the organisms, which may be associated with food-borne illness. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 60-66]

Objective: The present study was carried out for the isolation, identification and antibiogram study of Salmonella spp. from apparently healthy Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) at three different quail farms in Mymensingh, Bangladesh.Materials and methods: A total of 75 cloacal swab samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy Japanese quails from three different farms at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The samples were subjected to a series of cultural and biochemical examination for the isolation of Salmonella followed by molecular detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Motility of the Salmonella was performed by motility test and amplification of speF gene. The antibiogram profile of the isolates was also evaluated against commonly used antimicrobials by disc diffusion method.Results: The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. in quails was found to be 13.33%(n=10/75). Out of the 10 isolates, seven were found to be motile. Farmwise, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. were 10%(n=3/30), 24%(n=6/25) and 5%(n=1/20) at the quail farms of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Shikarikanda and Akua, respectively. The antibiogram study revealed that all the isolates were resistant to both Erythromycin and Tetracycline. On the other hand, 100% isolates were sensitive to both Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem. Ninety percent isolates of Salmonella were resistant to Colistin sulphate. Neomycin was found to be sensitive to 80% Salmonella isolates. All the Salmonella isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR).Conclusion: The presence of MDR Salmonella spp. in quails signifies public health importance of the organisms, which may be associated with food-borne illness. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e248

Objective: This study assessed personality traits in five cattle breeds (Bos taurus), two cosmopolitan (Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss) and three endangered Italian autochthonous (Varzese, Rendena, and Modenese). Our aim was to provide an evaluation of the personality dimensions obtained by our questionnaire in order to compare some Italian autochthonous breeds with the cosmopolitan one. Our choice fell upon the comparison of the Varzese, the Modenese, the Rendena, the Brown Swiss, and the Holstein Friesian because the genetic selection at the base of the typical attitudes has induced different characteristics, and as a consequence, detectable differences in personality can be expected between the populations. Materials and methods: A personality questionnaire was completed by milkers/owners for each subject involved in this study. The milking staff involved in the study have been working with cows for over 20 years; they have experience with numerous breeds, and therefore, can be considered expert evaluators since they certainly have an appreciation of the full range of cow behavior. Results: The milkers assessments analysis found breed differences in dairy cattle, showing that certain personality traits are more marked in certain breeds in terms of curiosity, friendliness to milkers, and responses to unknown people. Conclusion: This pilot survey shows the usefulness of questionnaires in cattle personality studies, highlighting some peculiarity of the endangered breeds. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 315-323]

Objective: This study assessed personality traits in five cattle breeds (Bos taurus), two cosmopolitan (Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss) and three endangered Italian autochthonous (Varzese, Rendena, and Modenese). Our aim was to provide an evaluation of the personality dimensions obtained by our questionnaire in order to compare some Italian autochthonous breeds with the cosmopolitan one. Our choice fell upon the comparison of the Varzese, the Modenese, the Rendena, the Brown Swiss, and the Holstein Friesian because the genetic selection at the base of the typical attitudes has induced different characteristics, and as a consequence, detectable differences in personality can be expected between the populations.           Materials and methods: A personality questionnaire was completed by milkers/owners for each subject involved in this study. The milking staff involved in the study have been working with cows for over 20 years; they have experience with numerous breeds, and therefore, can be considered expert evaluators since they certainly have an appreciation of the full range of cow behavior.Results: The milkers’ assessments analysis found breed differences in dairy cattle, showing that certain personality traits are more marked in certain breeds in terms of curiosity, friendliness to milkers, and responses to unknown people.Conclusion: This pilot survey shows the usefulness of questionnaires in cattle personality studies, highlighting some peculiarity of the endangered breeds. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e282

Objective: A retrospective survey was designed to determine the prevalence and factors involved in surgical cases at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Bangladesh Agricultural University from June 2014 to June 2017. Materials and materials: In total, 1042 surgical cases of food animal (large ruminants: n=564, and small ruminants: n=493) and 26 non-food animal (mono-gastric animal) were recorded from patient register book and case recording card. Data were analyzed by Epi Info TM software and frequencies were calculated for different variables using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Result: In large ruminant, hernia (16.13%) ranked top (90% umbilical and 10% lateral) followed by fracture (14.89%), abscess (14.54%), umbilical myasis (10.46%), atresia ani (5.85%) and naval ill (4.07%). Among the reported cattle, 87.41% were crossbred and 12.59% were indigenous. Calf, heifer and adult cattle were 55.32, 10.29 and 34.39% respectively. In small ruminants, castration (32.94%; n=138) ranked top followed by myasis (10.55%) naval ill (10.31%), abscess (7.44%), dystocia (6.24%) and urolithiasis (5.49%). Based on surgical classification in large and small ruminants, 37.56 and 42.50% were reported for general surgery, whereas 28.71 and 7.15% for congenital, 11.18 and 13.12% for gynecological and 2.65 and 37.23 % for andrological problems, respectively. Male and female ratio was 1:1.31 and 2:1 respectively in large and small ruminants, respectively. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the factors related to successful surgical cases management at VTH. The results may help in controlling surgical related cases in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 81-87]

Objective: A retrospective survey was designed to determine the prevalence and factors involved in surgical cases at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Bangladesh Agricultural University from June 2014 to June 2017.Materials and materials: In total, 1042 surgical cases of food animal (large ruminants: n=564, and small ruminants: n=493) and 26 non-food animal (mono-gastric animal) were recorded from patient register book and case recording card. Data were analyzed by Epi Info TM software and frequencies were calculated for different variables using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software.Result: In large ruminant, hernia (16.13%) ranked top (90% umbilical and 10% lateral) followed by fracture (14.89%), abscess (14.54%), umbilical myasis (10.46%), atresia ani (5.85%) and naval ill (4.07%). Among the reported cattle, 87.41% were crossbred and 12.59% were indigenous. Calf, heifer and adult cattle were 55.32, 10.29 and 34.39% respectively. In small ruminants, castration (32.94%; n=138) ranked top followed by myasis (10.55%) naval ill (10.31%), abscess (7.44%), dystocia (6.24%) and urolithiasis (5.49%).  Based on surgical classification in large and small ruminants, 37.56 and 42.50% were reported for general surgery, whereas 28.71 and 7.15% for congenital, 11.18 and 13.12% for gynecological and 2.65 and 37.23 %  for andrological problems, respectively. Male and female ratio was 1:1.31 and 2:1 respectively in large and small ruminants, respectively.Conclusion: This study emphasizes the factors related to successful surgical cases management at VTH. The results may help in controlling surgical related cases in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e252

Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of weaning on the abnormal behavior, behavioral problems and some stress indicators in young rabbits. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on seventy two New Zealand rabbit kits which were divided into two groups, one reared with their dams (Unweaned rabbits) and the other group reared without their dams (Weaned rabbits). Rabbits are reared on traditional wire net batteries. A scan sample technique was used during the observation period of the recorded traits. Rabbits behavior was observed three times per day at (from 8.00 to 9.00 h.), (from 12.00 to 13.00 h) and (from 15.00 : 16.00 h) for three days weekly to each group during the experimental period (6 weeks). The observed activities were recorded at 10 min interval for rabbits in each subgroup (6 subgroups for each group). Two blood samplings were taken after weaning process for monitoring some stress indicators. Results: The results showed that the bare biting and lixite bite were significantly affected by weaning which were increased in the weaned group than the unweaned group. Other abnormal behavioral traits and behavioral problems were not influenced by weaning process. The results found that cortisol, growth hormone levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities were significantly increased in serum after weaning. Conclusion: The weaning process has negative effect on some behavioral and physiological responses. So, rearing the young rabbits with their mothers is advantageous from the viewpoint of animal welfare. The findings of this study may help to find out suitable strategies to minimize post weaning stress in both human beings and domestic animals. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 166-172]

Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of weaning on the abnormal behavior, behavioral problems and some stress indicators in young rabbits.Materials and methods: The study was conducted on seventy two New Zealand rabbit kits which were divided into two groups, one reared with their dams (unweaned rabbits) and the other group reared without their dams (weaned rabbits). Rabbits are reared on traditional wire net batteries. A scan sample technique was used during the observation period of the recorded traits. Rabbits behavior was observed three times per day at (from 8.00 to 9.00 h), (from 12.00 to 13.00 h) and (from 15.00 : 16.00 h) for three days weekly to each group during the experimental period (6 weeks). The observed activities were recorded at 10 min interval for rabbits in each subgroup (6 subgroups for each group). Two blood samplings were taken after weaning process for monitoring some stress indicators.Results: The results showed that the bare biting and lixite bite were significantly affected by weaning which were increased in the weaned group than the unweaned group. Other abnormal behavioral traits and behavioral problems were not influenced by weaning process. The results found that cortisol, growth hormone levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities were significantly increased in serum after weaning.Conclusion: The weaning process has negative effect on some behavioral and physiological responses. So, rearing the young rabbits with their mothers is advantageous from the viewpoint of animal welfare. The findings of this study may help to find out suitable strategies to minimize post weaning stress in both human beings and domestic animals.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e262

Objective: A cross sectional study was conducted in five Haor (wetland) districts of Bangladesh to investigate the epidemiological parameters and associated factors of recurrent outbreak of duck plague (DP) on the basis of molecular detection. Materials and methods: A total of 450 randomly selected duck farms containing 175,467 ducks were investigated for their morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates from December 2012 to November 2014. The farms were surveyed and the owners were interviewed using a prepared questionnaire about husbandry practice, disease history, bio-security measures, and flock and farmer details. A total of 150 samples (liver=50, intestine=50 and oro-pharyngeal tissue=50) were collected from duck plague suspected sick/dead ducks of north eastern part of Bangladesh during outbreak season. Samples were processed and PCR was done directly from the samples using primers specific for duck plague virus. Results: Out of 150 test samples of the fifty duck plague suspected ducks of fifty outbreaks, 90 samples (60%) of 36 ducks of thirty six outbreaks (72%) were found positive by PCR. Overall prevalence of duck plague was 8% at farm level and 3.30% at flock level. Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of duck plague at farm level were 52.08, 29.62 and 56.86%, respectively. Of the 22 variables selected for this study, 16 were found significant and the remaining 6 were found non-significant statistically. Conclusion: Results of the epidemiological investigation of the present study regarding duck mortality suggesting that education and training of the farmers on bio-security, modern husbandry practice, regular vaccination and innovation of cost effective intensive duck farming methods are necessary to control recurrent duck plague outbreak in Haor (wetland) areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 131-139]

Objective: A cross sectional study was conducted in five Haor (wetland) districts of Bangladesh to investigate the epidemiological parameters and associated factors of recurrent outbreak of duck plague (DP) on the basis of molecular detection. Materials and methods: A total of 450 randomly selected duck farms containing 175,467 ducks were investigated for their morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates from December 2012 to November 2014. The farms were surveyed and the owners were interviewed using a prepared questionnaire about husbandry practice, disease history, bio-security measures, and flock and farmer details. A total of 150 samples (liver=50, intestine=50 and oro-pharyngeal tissue=50) were collected from duck plague suspected sick/dead ducks of north eastern part of Bangladesh during outbreak season. Samples were processed and PCR was done directly from the samples using primers specific for duck plague virus.Results: Out of 150 test samples of the fifty duck plague suspected ducks of fifty outbreaks, 90 samples (60%) of 36 ducks of thirty six outbreaks (72%) were found positive by PCR. Overall prevalence of duck plague was 8% at farm level and 3.30% at flock level. Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of duck plague at farm level were 52.08, 29.62 and 56.86%, respectively. Of the 22 variables selected for this study, 16 were found significant and the remaining 6 were found non-significant statistically.Conclusion: Results of the epidemiological investigation of the present study regarding duck mortality suggesting that education and training of the farmers on bio-security, modern husbandry practice, regular vaccination and innovation of cost effective intensive duck farming methods are necessary to control recurrent duck plague outbreak in Haor (wetland) areas.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e256

Objective: Sarcocystis spp. are common parasites and in terms of economics and pathogenicity in domestic animals is important. The purpose of this work was to define the rate of contamination of slaughtered carcasses of cattle to Sarcocystis using digestive and histopathological methods in southeast Iran. Material and Methods: In this descriptive laboratory study for 1 year, 500 carcasses were examined and isolated bradyzoites of Sarcocystis with the digest method. Also, tissue samples from the esophagus and diaphragm were considered for pathologic studies and stained with hematoxylin and eosin of sections of histopathological. Results: The results showed that the highest contaminations were in imported male animals aged 23 years old in the spring. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence rate with the sex and race of cattle but no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence rate with age and season. Conclusion: Infection with Sarcocystis is common in oxen in this region. The imported cattle are more infected. It seems that racing and the environmental condition affect the prevalence of Sarcocystosis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 381-387]

Objective: Sarcocystis spp. are common parasites and in terms of economics and pathogenicity in domestic animals is important. The purpose of this work was to define the rate of contamination of slaughtered carcasses of cattle to Sarcocystis using digestive and histopathological methods in southeast Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive laboratory study for 1 year, 500 carcasses were examined and isolated bradyzoites of Sarcocystis with the digest method. Also, tissue samples from the esophagus and diaphragm were considered for pathologic studies and stained with hematoxylin and eosin of sections of histopathological. Results: The results showed that the highest contaminations were in imported male animals aged 2–3 years old in the spring. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence rate with the sex and race of cattle but no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence rate with age and season. Conclusion: Infection with Sarcocystis is common in oxen in this region. The imported cattle are more infected. It seems that racing and the environmental condition affect the prevalence of Sarcocystosis. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e288

Objective: This current study was subjected to investigate the influence of two-stage fermentation by Chrysonilia crassa and Bacillus subtilis on nutritional values and antioxidative properties of agro-industrial by-products. Materials and methods: Two-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa (inoculated in advance; single-step fermentation) and B. subtilis (inoculated later; two-step fermentation) was conducted on agro-industrial by-products, i.e., banana peel meals, cassava pulp, and rice bran. The pH measurement, microbial enumeration, proximate, and antioxidant analyses were conducted following 4- and 2-days aerobic incubation with Ch. crassa and B. subtilis, respectively. Results: The pH of banana peels and cassava pulp increased with Ch. crassa-fermentation, but then decreased following B. subtilis-fermentation. Chrysonilia crassa-fermentation did not change, but B. subtilis-fermentation decreased pH of rice bran. The number of lactic acid bacteria was higher in two-stage than in single-stage fermented by-products. Crude protein and fat were higher in fermented than in unfermented banana peels. Crude protein was higher in single- and two-stage fermented, while fat higher in single-stage fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Crude fat and ash contents increased with fermentation in rice bran. Single-stage fermentation increased some of amino acids contents in banana peels and cassava pulp. The concentration of polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant potential of banana peels reduced with fermentation. Total polyphenols and tannins were higher, whereas antioxidant activity was lower in fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Total polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were lower in two-stage than in single-stage fermented and unfermented rice bran. Conclusion: Single-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa improved nutritional characteristics of agro-industrial by-products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 472-480]

Objective: This current study was subjected to investigate the influence of two-stage fermentation by Chrysonilia crassa and Bacillus subtilis on nutritional values and antioxidative properties of agro-industrial by-products. Materials and methods: Two-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa (inoculated in advance; single-step fermentation) and B. subtilis (inoculated later; two-step fermentation) was conducted on agro-industrial by-products, i.e., banana peel meals, cassava pulp, and rice bran. The pH measurement, microbial enumeration, proximate, and antioxidant analyses were conducted following 4- and 2-days aerobic incubation with Ch. crassa and B. subtilis, respectively. Results: The pH of banana peels and cassava pulp increased with Ch. crassa-fermentation, but then decreased following B. subtilis-fermentation. Chrysonilia crassa-fermentation did not change, but B. subtilis-fermentation decreased pH of rice bran. The number of lactic acid bacteria was higher in two-stage than in single-stage fermented by-products. Crude protein and fat were higher in fermented than in unfermented banana peels. Crude protein was higher in single- and two-stage fermented, while fat higher in single-stage fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Crude fat and ash contents increased with fermentation in rice bran. Single-stage fermentation increased some of amino acids contents in banana peels and cassava pulp. The concentration of polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant potential of banana peels reduced with fermentation. Total polyphenols and tannins were higher, whereas antioxidant activity was lower in fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Total polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were lower in two-stage than in single-stage fermented and unfermented rice bran. Conclusion: Single-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa improved nutritional characteristics of agro-industrial by-products. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e301

Objective: The present study was aimed to isolate and identify the egg-borne bacteria from different parts of duck eggs such as egg shell (outer and inner), yolk and albumen, and to assess the anti-biogram profile of the isolated bacteria. Materials and methods: A total of 40 samples were collected randomly from different grocery shops of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Campus and Kaowatkhali, Mymensingh. Following necessary preparation, the samples were streaked onto various selective media like Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar (for Salmonella spp.), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) (for E. coli), and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar (for Staphylococcus spp.) respectively for isolation of bacteria. The bacteria were confirmed based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacterial isolates was performed using seven antibiotics (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Kanamycin and Cephalexin) by following disc diffusion method. Results: E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified from the duck egg samples. Prevalence of E coli in outer egg shell was 80%, whereas in inner egg shell and inner egg content, this prevalence was 20% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was 75%, 17.5% and 7.5% in outer egg shell, inner egg shell and inner egg content, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 82.5% in outer egg shell, 22.5% in inner egg shell and 12.5% in inner content of egg. All these three bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin and resistant to Ampicillin and Cephalexin. Conclusion: The duck eggs harbor multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria which may impose public health hazards if these MDR bacteria are transferred to human through food chain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 110-116]

Objective: The present study was aimed to isolate and identify the egg-borne bacteria from different parts of duck eggs such as egg shell (outer and inner), yolk and albumen, and to assess the anti-biogram profile of the isolated bacteria.Materials and methods: A total of 40 samples were collected randomly from different grocery shops of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Campus and Kaowatkhali, Mymensingh. Following necessary preparation, the samples were streaked onto various selective media like Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar (for Salmonella spp.), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) (for E. coli), and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar (for Staphylococcus spp.) respectively for isolation of bacteria. The bacteria were confirmed based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacterial isolates was performed using seven antibiotics (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Kanamycin and Cephalexin) by following disc diffusion method.Results: E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified from the duck egg samples. Prevalence of E coli in outer egg shell was 80%, whereas in inner egg shell and inner egg content, this prevalence was 20% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was 75%, 17.5% and 7.5% in outer egg shell, inner egg shell and inner egg content, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 82.5% in outer egg shell, 22.5% in inner egg shell and 12.5% in inner content of egg. All these three bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin and resistant to Ampicillin and Cephalexin.Conclusion: The duck eggs harbor multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria which may impose public health hazards if these MDR bacteria are transferred to human through food chain.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e253

Objective: The present study was initiated to ascertain the level of shedding of salmonellae by dogs in Makurdi area and to highlight the risk of infection for dog-owners. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs from 200 dogs from different locations in the studyarea were examined in the study. The samples were cultured for salmonellae using Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment broth (Oxoid) and brilliant green agar (Oxoid). Suspected Salmonella isolates were serologically identified. Results: Overall, Salmonellae organisms were isolated from 11 (5.5%) of the 200 dogs sampled. Prevalence rates of 5.6% and 4.5% were recorded for apparently healthy and clinically sick dogs, respectively. Salmonella was respectively isolated from 4.1% to 9.1% of male and female dogs. Dogs aged 4 years and above recorded the highest prevalence rate. The study revealed a low prevalence rate in Nigerian local breed (mongrels) and high prevalence rates in exotic breeds of dogs. Conclusion: The isolation of salmonellae in apparently healthy and clinically sick dogs in this study indicates a carrier status which may constitute a serious problem in disease control in the study area. The lower prevalence rate of Salmonella infection in mongrels could be an indication of resistance to Salmonella in local breeds of dogs and should generate interest in research in the pathogenicity and pathogenesis of salmonellae in mongrels. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 405-409]

Objective: The present study was initiated to ascertain the level of shedding of salmonellae by dogs in Makurdi area and to highlight the risk of infection for dog-owners. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs from 200 dogs from different locations in the study area were examined in the study. The samples were cultured for salmonellae using RappaportVassiliadis enrichment broth (Oxoid) and brilliant green agar (Oxoid). Suspected Salmonella isolates were serologically identified. Results: Overall, Salmonellae organisms were isolated from 11 (5.5%) of the 200 dogs sampled. Prevalence rates of 5.6% and 4.5% were recorded for apparently healthy and clinically sick dogs, respectively. Salmonella was respectively isolated from 4.1% to 9.1% of male and female dogs. Dogs aged 4 years and above recorded the highest prevalence rate. The study revealed a low prevalence rate in Nigerian local breed (mongrels) and high prevalence rates in exotic breeds of dogs. Conclusion: The isolation of salmonellae in apparently healthy and clinically sick dogs in this study indicates a carrier status which may constitute a serious problem in disease control in the study area. The lower prevalence rate of Salmonella infection in mongrels could be an indication of resistance to Salmonella in local breeds of dogs and should generate interest in research in the pathogenicity and pathogenesis of salmonellae in mongrels. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e291

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) with its immunomodulatory activity, on the susceptibility of broilers to infectious bursal disease, being an immunosuppressive disease. Materials and methods: Day-old broilers (102) were separated into 6 groups A-F of 17 each. Groups A, B and C had 0.125% of garlic-meal in feed. At 8 and 18 days of age groups A, C, D and F were administered IBD vaccine and groups B, C, D and E were infected with 1LD50 IBD virus (10-3.4 in 0.08ml PBS) via conjuctival instillation at 4 week-old. Clinical signs, mortality and gross pathological lesions were scored. Histopathological lesions in bursae of Fabricius were recorded. Virus antibody titre in serum was assayed at 1 day-old, 4 and 6 weeks-old using quantitative agar gel immunodiffusion test. Data generated was analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Duncans multiple comparison tests (P [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 275-281]

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) with its immunomodulatory activity, on the susceptibility of broilers to infectious bursal disease, being an immunosuppressive disease.Materials and methods: Day-old broilers (102) were separated into 6 groups A-F of 17 each. Groups A, B and C had 0.125% of garlic-meal in feed. At 8 and 18 days of age groups A, C, D and F were administered IBD vaccine and groups B, C, D and E were infected with 1LD50 IBD virus (10-3.4 in 0.08ml PBS) via conjuctival instillation at 4 week-old.  Clinical signs, mortality and gross pathological lesions were scored. Histopathological lesions in bursae of Fabricius were recorded. Virus antibody titre in serum was assayed at 1 day-old, 4 and 6 weeks-old using quantitative agar gel immunodiffusion test. Data generated was analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple comparison tests (P<0.05).Results: The two infected garlic groups B (non-vaccinated) and C (vaccinated) had lower scores for clinical signs (23 and 12 points, respectively) but higher mortality rates (30% and 25%, respectively) than their no-garlic controls (E; 27 points, 11.8% and D; 21 points, 0%, respectively). However, vaccinal antibody response at 6 week-old, was significantly higher in garlic group A (2.8±0.8) than in no-garlic group F (1.8±1.8) in the absence of infection.Conclusion: A more acute outcome of IBD virus infection was observed in garlic-fed broilers, which was ameliorated in vaccinated broilers, however, antibody response to vaccination was enhanced in the absence of infection.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e276