Мета. Встановити філогенетичні зв’язки між лініями кукурудзи звичайної за результатами морфологічного опису (ВОС-тест) та SSR маркерами. Методи. Польові (описова морфологія рослин), молекулярні (ПЛР, капілярний електрофорез), статистичні (кореляційний аналіз, ієрархічна кластеризація). Результати. Внаслідок польових досліджень 57 ліній кукурудзи за морфологічними ознаками встановлено коди прояву якісних і кількісних ознак, що дало змогу визначити три групи досліджуваних ліній відповідно до ступеня їхньої подібності: відмінні, подібні та дуже подібні. На основі коефіцієнтів подібності за Пірсоном розраховано фенотипові дистанції між лініями й одержано п’ять кластерних груп та сім окремих кластерів, сформованих окремими лініями. Найбільш подібними за кодами прояву морфологічних ознак виявилися лінії кукурудзи з коефіцієнтом подібності 0,997, які за результатами експертизи на відмінність, однорідність та стабільність (ВОС) належать до групи подібних. Коефіцієнти подібності між лініями, що зараховують до групи дуже подібних, були достатньо високими: від 0,890 до 0,990. Однак між двома лініями з цієї групи коефіцієнт подібності становив 0,771. На основі молекулярних дистанцій за Роджером для дев’яти SSR маркерів як найподібніші визначено лінії з коефіцієнтом подібності 0,16, хоча за результатами експертизи на ВОС ця пара належить до відмінних. Найбільш відмінною за SSR маркерами виявилася пара ліній із коефіцієнтом подібності 0,42. Внаслідок розрахунку кореляційної залежності між матрицями фенотипових і молекулярних дистанцій встановлено дуже слабку обернену кореляцію (r = −0,1). Висновки. З’ясовано, що розрахунок фенотипових і молекулярних дистанцій відображає рівень подібності досліджуваних генотипів за морфологічними ознаками та SSR маркерами. Продемонстровано, що ступінь подібності між досліджуваними лініями кукурудзи різниться залежно від застосованого підходу оцінювання. На це вказує експертна оцінка ліній кукурудзи за результатами експертизи на ВОС. | Purpose. To determine the phylogenetic relationships between maize lines based on morphological description (DUS test) and SSR markers. Methods. Field studies (descriptive plant morphology), molecular techniques (PCR, capillary electrophoresis), and statistical analyses (correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering). Results. Based on field studies of 57 maize lines by morphological traits, the codes of qualitative and quantitative characteristics were determined, allowing the classification of the studied maize lines into three groups according to their similarity level: distinct, similar, and very similar. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to calculate phenotypic distances between the studied maize lines, resulting in five cluster groups and seven separate clusters formed by individual lines. The most similar maize lines according to the morphological character codes were those with a similarity coefficient of 0.997, which belong to the group of similar lines according to the results of the testing for distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS). The similarity coefficients among lines classified as very similar were sufficiently high, ranging from 0.890 to 0.990, although one pair of lines within this group had a similarity coefficient of 0.771. Based on Roger's molecular distances for nine SSR markers, the most similar lines had a similarity coefficient of 0.16, yet this pair was classified as distinct according to DUS testing. The most distinct pair of lines based on SSR markers had a similarity coefficient of 0.42. The correlation analysis between phenotypic and molecular distance matrices revealed a very weak inverse correlation (r = −0.1). Conclusions. It was found that the calculation of phenotypic and molecular distances reflects the level of similarity among the studied genotypes based on morphological traits and SSR markers. It was shown that the degree of similarity among the studied maize lines varies depending on the evaluation approach, as indicated by expert assessment based on DUS testing results.

Eucalyptus trees, mostly native to Australia, are widely planted in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere for the production of wood and pulp. Worldwide surveys of diseases on these trees have yielded a large collection of Ceratocystis isolates from dying trees or from wounds on their stems. The aim of this study was to characterise these isolates and to consider their relatedness to each other. Culture appearance, morphological features and a distinctive fruity odour in all cultures were typical of species in the Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato (s. lat.) complex. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences for the combined ITS, βt-1 and TEF1-α gene regions revealed a genetically diverse group of isolates residing in a single large clade, that were distinct from all other species in the C. fimbriata s. lat. complex. Based on morphology and phylogenetic inference, the Eucalyptus isolates are recognised as closely related. The South African isolates are described here as a new species, C. eucalypticola.

Purpose. The analysis of allelic status of such key genes of carotenogenesis as gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase (lcyε) and gene of β-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) for DNA-markers in domestic maize lines and their hybrids. Methods. DNA isolation, PCR, gel electrophoresis. Results. Allelic status of key genes of carotenogenesis was investigated in eight maize inbred lines and their single crosses. Molecular genetic polymorphism in the studied sample of maize lines and hyb­rids has been detected in gene of β-carotene hydroxylase for marker crtRB1-3’TE. For this gene, codominant character of inheritance of alleles of parental lines in single crosses was confirmed. For markers of gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216, polymorphism in the group of investigated lines and hybrids has not been identified, genotypes included only one variant of alleles for each marker. For lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’, the decrease of the activi­ty of β-carotene hydroxylase owing to the mutation of gene crtRB1 under the influence of transposone element at the 3’-end, the inhibition of β-carotene transition into β-cryptoxanthin can be expected, that allows to predict β-carotene accumulation in grain. Conclusions. The study of allelic status of carotenegenesis gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase in maize showed no polymorphism for markers lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216 in eight inbred lines and their single crosses, along with this, for marker lcyε-3’INDL in genomes of all studied samples the allele was identified to be favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene. For marker crtRB1-3’TE of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase, the studied breeding material was polymorphic. Allele of crtRB1 being favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene was identified in lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’. Single crosses inherit maternal and paternal alleles of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase codominantly.

Purpose. The analysis of allelic status of such key genes of carotenogenesis as gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase (lcyε) and gene of β-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) for DNA-markers in domestic maize lines and their hybrids. Methods. DNA isolation, PCR, gel electrophoresis. Results. Allelic status of key genes of carotenogenesis was investigated in eight maize inbred lines and their single crosses. Molecular genetic polymorphism in the studied sample of maize lines and hyb­rids has been detected in gene of β-carotene hydroxylase for marker crtRB1-3’TE. For this gene, codominant character of inheritance of alleles of parental lines in single crosses was confirmed. For markers of gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216, polymorphism in the group of investigated lines and hybrids has not been identified, genotypes included only one variant of alleles for each marker. For lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’, the decrease of the activi­ty of β-carotene hydroxylase owing to the mutation of gene crtRB1 under the influence of transposone element at the 3’-end, the inhibition of β-carotene transition into β-cryptoxanthin can be expected, that allows to predict β-carotene accumulation in grain. Conclusions. The study of allelic status of carotenegenesis gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase in maize showed no polymorphism for markers lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216 in eight inbred lines and their single crosses, along with this, for marker lcyε-3’INDL in genomes of all studied samples the allele was identified to be favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene. For marker crtRB1-3’TE of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase, the studied breeding material was polymorphic. Allele of crtRB1 being favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene was identified in lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’. Single crosses inherit maternal and paternal alleles of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase codominantly.

Цель. Установить характер наследования абрикосовой окраски краевых цветков подсолнечника и типы взаимодействия генов, обусловливающих различные типы окраски. Методы. Полевой опыт, генетический анализ. Статистическую достоверность результатов оценивали с помощью критерия Пирсона. Результаты. Проведено скрещивание линии ‘КГ13’, источника признака абрикосовой окраски, с линиями подсолнечника, которые имеют желтую, оранжевую и лимонную окраску краевых цветков. В первом гибридном поколении от скрещивания ‘КГ13’ с пятью линиями, которые имели желтый цвет, наблюдали только желтую окраску краевых цветков. Во втором гиб­ридном поколении получено расщепление потомков на два класса – с желтой и с абрикосовой окраской цветков, в соотношении 3 : 1. Линия ‘КГ13’ была скрещена с тремя линиями (’НА298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), которые имели оранжевую окраску цветков. В первом поколении наблюдали оранжевую окраску цветков, во втором – зафиксировано расщепление: три четверти потомков с оранжевой окрас­кой цветков к одной четверти с абрикосовой. Линия ‘КГ13’ была скрещена с ‘КГ107’ и ‘ЗЛ678’, которые имели лимонную окраску цветков. Полученные растения первого поколения имели желтую окраску краевых цветков. Во втором поколении получено пять классов растений по окраске краевых цветков: желтые, оранжевые, абрикосовые, лимонные, лимонно-абрикосовые в соотношении 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. По этому расщеплению аллели лимонной и абрикосовой окраски имеют комплементарное действие, гомозиготное состояние оранжевого аллеля епистатирует над рецессивной гомозиготой гена лимонной окраски. Линия ‘КГ108’ с сочетанием генов, обусловливающих абрикосовый и светло-желтый цвет, имеет светло-абрикосовую окраску и в скрещиваниях во втором поколении дает расщепление в соотношении 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Выводы. Абрикосовая окраска краевых цветков линии подсолнечника ‘КГ13’ обусловлена гомозиготным состоянием аллеля того же гена, второй аллель которого вызывает оранжевый цвет у линий ‘НА298’, ‘SL2966’ и ‘LD72/3’. Установлено комплементарное действие аллелей, обусловливающих абрикосовую и лимонную, а также абрикосовую и светло-желтую окраску краевых цветков. Выявлен случай эпистаза гомозиготы по аллелю оранжевого цвета над рецессивным состоянием гена, который вызывает лимонную окраску в комбинации скрещивания ‘ЗЛ678’ / ‘КГ13’. | Мета. Установити характер успадкування абрикосового забарвлення крайових квіток соняшнику та типи взаємодії генів, що зумовлюють різні типи забарвлення. Методи. Польовий дослід, генетичний аналіз. Статистичну достовірність результатів оцінювали за допомогою критерія Пірсона. Результати. Проведено схрещування лінії ‘КГ13’, джерела ознаки абрикосового забарвлення, з лініями соняшнику, які мають жовте, оранжеве та лимонне забарвлення крайових квіток. У першому гібридному поколінні від схрещування ‘КГ13’ із п’ятьма лініями, які мали жовтий колір, спостерігали лише жовте забарвлення крайових квіток. У другому гібридному поколінні отримано розщеплення нащадків на два класи – із жовтим та з абрикосовим забарвленням квіток, у співвідношенні 3 : 1. Лінія ‘КГ13’ була схрещена з трьома лініями (‘НА298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), які мали оранжеве забарвлення квіток. У першому поколінні спостерігали оранжеве забарвлення квіток, у другому – зафіксовано розщеплення: три чверті нащадків з оранжевим забарвленням квіток до однієї чверті з абрикосовим. Лінія ‘КГ13’ була схрещена з ‘КГ107’ та ‘ЗЛ678’, які мали лимонне забарвлення квіток. Отримані рослини першого покоління мали жовте забарвлення крайових квіток. У другому поколінні отримано п’ять класів рослин за забарвленням крайових квіток: жовті, оранжеві, абрикосові, лимонні, лимонно-абрикосові у співвідношенні 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. За цим розщепленням алелі лимонного та абрикосового забарвлення мають комплементарну дію, гомозиготний стан оранжевого алеля епістатує над рецесивною гомозиготою гена лимонного забарвлення. Лінія ‘КГ108’ з поєднанням генів, що зумовлюють абрикосовий та світло-жовтий колір, має світло-абрикосове забарвлення і в схрещуваннях у другому поколінні дає розщеплення у співвідношенні 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Висновки. Абрикосове забарвлення крайових квіток лінії соняшнику ‘КГ13’ зумовлено гомозиготним станом алелю того ж самого гена, другий алель якого спричинює оранжевий колір у ліній ‘НА298’, ‘SL2966’ та ‘LD72/3’. Установлено комплементарну дію алелів, що зумовлюють абрикосове й лимонне, а також абрикосове та світло-жовте забарвлення крайових квіток. Виявлено випадок епістазу гомозиготи за алелем оранжевого забарвлення над рецесивним станом гена, який зумовлює лимонне забарвлення в комбінації схрещування ‘ЗЛ678’ / ‘КГ13’. | Purpose. To reveal the nature of the inheritance of apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower and the type of interaction of genes causing different colors. Methods. Field experiment, genetic analysis. The statistical validity of the results was evaluated using Pearson’s criterion. Results. We conducted crosses of the ‘KG13’ line as the source of the sign of apricot color with sunflower lines that had yellow, orange and lemon colors of the ray flowers. In the first generation, from crossing the ‘KG13’ line with five lines, which had a yellow color, only a yellow color of ray flowers was observed. In the second generation, a 3 : 1 split was observed: three-quarters with yellow flowers and one with apricot flowers. Line ‘KG13’ was crossed with three lines (‘HA298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), which had an orange color of flowers. In the first generation, orange flowers were observed; in the second gene­ration, splitting was recorded: three-quarters of offsprings with orange-colored flowers and one-quarter with apricot flowers. The line ‘KG13’ was crossed with ‘KG107’ and ‘ZL678’, which had lemon-colored flowers. The resulting plants of the first generation had a yellow coloration of ray flowers. In the second generation, five classes of plants by coloration of ray flowers were obtained: yellow, orange, apricot, lemon, lemon-apricot in the ratio 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. According to these data, the genes of lemon and apricot color have a complementary effect, the homozygous state of orange allele is epistatic to the recessive homozygote of the lemon-colored gene. The ‘KG108’ line with a combination of genes responsible for apricot and light yellow color has its own light apricot color and in crossings with a yellow colored line in the second generation gives splitting in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Conclusions. It was revealed that the apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower line ‘KG13’ is due to the homozygous state of the allele of the same gene whose second allele causes an orange color in the lines ‘NA298’, ‘SL2966’ and ‘LD72/3’. The complementary action of alleles responsible for apricot and lemon, as well as apricot and light yellow coloration of ray flowers was determined. A case of epistasis of homozygotes along the allele controlling the orange color over the recessive homozygote of the gene, which is controlled by the lemon color in the crossing combination ‘ZL678’ / ‘KG13’, was revealed.

Purpose. To reveal the nature of the inheritance of apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower and the type of interaction of genes causing different colors. Methods. Field experiment, genetic analysis. The statistical validity of the results was evaluated using Pearson’s criterion. Results. We conducted crosses of the ‘KG13’ line as the source of the sign of apricot color with sunflower lines that had yellow, orange and lemon colors of the ray flowers. In the first generation, from crossing the ‘KG13’ line with five lines, which had a yellow color, only a yellow color of ray flowers was observed. In the second generation, a 3 : 1 split was observed: three-quarters with yellow flowers and one with apricot flowers. Line ‘KG13’ was crossed with three lines (‘HA298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), which had an orange color of flowers. In the first generation, orange flowers were observed; in the second gene­ration, splitting was recorded: three-quarters of offsprings with orange-colored flowers and one-quarter with apricot flowers. The line ‘KG13’ was crossed with ‘KG107’ and ‘ZL678’, which had lemon-colored flowers. The resulting plants of the first generation had a yellow coloration of ray flowers. In the second generation, five classes of plants by coloration of ray flowers were obtained: yellow, orange, apricot, lemon, lemon-apricot in the ratio 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. According to these data, the genes of lemon and apricot color have a complementary effect, the homozygous state of orange allele is epistatic to the recessive homozygote of the lemon-colored gene. The ‘KG108’ line with a combination of genes responsible for apricot and light yellow color has its own light apricot color and in crossings with a yellow colored line in the second generation gives splitting in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Conclusions. It was revealed that the apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower line ‘KG13’ is due to the homozygous state of the allele of the same gene whose second allele causes an orange color in the lines ‘NA298’, ‘SL2966’ and ‘LD72/3’. The complementary action of alleles responsible for apricot and lemon, as well as apricot and light yellow coloration of ray flowers was determined. A case of epistasis of homozygotes along the allele controlling the orange color over the recessive homozygote of the gene, which is controlled by the lemon color in the crossing combination ‘ZL678’ / ‘KG13’, was revealed.

Purpose. To reveal the nature of the inheritance of apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower and the type of interaction of genes causing different colors. Methods. Field experiment, genetic analysis. The statistical validity of the results was evaluated using Pearson’s criterion. Results. We conducted crosses of the ‘KG13’ line as the source of the sign of apricot color with sunflower lines that had yellow, orange and lemon colors of the ray flowers. In the first generation, from crossing the ‘KG13’ line with five lines, which had a yellow color, only a yellow color of ray flowers was observed. In the second generation, a 3 : 1 split was observed: three-quarters with yellow flowers and one with apricot flowers. Line ‘KG13’ was crossed with three lines (‘HA298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), which had an orange color of flowers. In the first generation, orange flowers were observed; in the second gene­ration, splitting was recorded: three-quarters of offsprings with orange-colored flowers and one-quarter with apricot flowers. The line ‘KG13’ was crossed with ‘KG107’ and ‘ZL678’, which had lemon-colored flowers. The resulting plants of the first generation had a yellow coloration of ray flowers. In the second generation, five classes of plants by coloration of ray flowers were obtained: yellow, orange, apricot, lemon, lemon-apricot in the ratio 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. According to these data, the genes of lemon and apricot color have a complementary effect, the homozygous state of orange allele is epistatic to the recessive homozygote of the lemon-colored gene. The ‘KG108’ line with a combination of genes responsible for apricot and light yellow color has its own light apricot color and in crossings with a yellow colored line in the second generation gives splitting in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Conclusions. It was revealed that the apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower line ‘KG13’ is due to the homozygous state of the allele of the same gene whose second allele causes an orange color in the lines ‘NA298’, ‘SL2966’ and ‘LD72/3’. The complementary action of alleles responsible for apricot and lemon, as well as apricot and light yellow coloration of ray flowers was determined. A case of epistasis of homozygotes along the allele controlling the orange color over the recessive homozygote of the gene, which is controlled by the lemon color in the crossing combination ‘ZL678’ / ‘KG13’, was revealed.