Environmental contaminants, to which humans are widely exposed, cause or worsen several diseases, like cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Among these molecules, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) stand out since they are ubiquitous pollutants found in ambient air and diet. Because of their toxic effects, public Health agencies promote development of research studies aiming at increasing the knowledge about PAHs and the discovery of biomarkers of exposure and/or effects.Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including small extracellular vesicles (S-EVs or exosomes) and large extracellular vesicles (L-EVs or microvesicles), are delivery systems for multimolecular messages related to the nature and status of the originating cells. Because they are produced by all cells and detected within body fluids, EV releases could act as cell responses and thereby serve as biomarkers.To test whether EVs can serve as biomarkers of PAHs exposure, we evaluate the effects of these pollutants on EV production using an in vitro approach (human endothelial cell line, HMEC-1) and an in vivo approach (urine samples from PAHs-exposed rats). Our study indicates that, i) PAH exposure increases in vitro the EV production by endothelial cells and in vivo the release of EVs in urine, and that the stimulating effects of PAHs concern both S-EVs and L-EVs; ii) PAH exposure and more particularly exposure to B[a]P, can influence the composition of exosomes produced by endothelial cells; iii) the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytosolic receptor associated to most deleterious effects of PAHs, would be involved in the PAH effects on the release of S-EVs, but not L-EVs.These results suggest that EVs may have utility for monitoring exposure to PAHs, and more particularly to B[a]P, considered as reference PAH, and to detect the related early cellular response prior to end-organ damages.

Currently, urbanization is associated with an increase in air pollutants that contribute to invasive pathogen infections by altering the host's innate immunity and antimicrobial resistance capability. Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases, especially in children and immunosuppressed individuals. Diesel exhaust particle (DEP), a significant constituent of particulate matter (PM), are considered a prominent risk factor for respiratory illness and circulatory diseases worldwide. Several clinical and epidemiological studies have identified a close association between PM and the prevalence of viral and bacterial infections. This study investigated the role of DEP exposure in increasing pulmonary and blood bacterial counts and mortality during GAS M1 strain infection in mice. Thus, we characterized the upregulation of reactive oxygen species production and disruption of tight junctions in the A549 lung epithelial cell line due to DEP exposure, leading to the upregulation of GAS adhesion and invasion. Furthermore, DEP exposure altered the leukocyte components of infiltrated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as determined by Diff-Quik staining. The results highlighted the DEP-related macrophage dysfunction, neutrophil impairment, and imbalance in pro-inflammatory cytokine production via the toll-like receptor 4/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling axis. Notably, the tolerance of the GAS biofilms toward potent antibiotics and bacterial resistance against environmental stresses was also significantly enhanced by DEP. This study aimed to provide a better understanding of the physiological and molecular interactions between exposure to invasive air pollutants and susceptibility to invasive GAS infections.

Chinese children have been exposed to high level of lead due to polluted air, dust, contaminated foods and water, etc. In this research, we investigated published blood lead levels (BLLs) reflecting 1,057,832 Chinese children aged at 0–12 and teenagers aged at 13–18 in the past 30 years (1991–2020). The data mining and estimation were performed innovatively by Monte Carlo simulation to remedy the skewed distribution-induced bias. The temporal trend of Chinese children’s BLLs showed an obvious decrease in the past decades from 88.74 μg/L (Geometric SD = 4.09) during 1991–1995 to 27.32 μg/L (Geometric SD = 4.18) during 2016–2020. This study also indicated that children’s BLLs of Yunnan, Guizhou, Shanxi were at relatively high levels and most provinces showed a downward trend. Chinese boys aged at 1–18 years old had higher BLLs (GM: 44.03 μg/L) compared to girls (GM: 41.32 μg/L) (p < 0.001). At different age groups, Chinese children’s BLLs were 42.04 μg/L (1–3 years old), 52.88 μg/L (4–6 years old), 50.49 μg/L (7 and above years old), respectively. Although the BLLs of Chinese children exhibited a continuous declined trend in the past 30 years, it was still higher than that in developed countries, which indicated that more efforts are needed in children’s BLLs control.

One of the fundamentals in the ecotoxicological studies is the need of data comparison, which can be easily reached with the help of a standardized biological model. In this context, any biological model has been still proposed for the biomonitoring and risk evaluation of freshwaters until now. The aim of this review is to illustrate the ecotoxicological studies carried out with the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha in order to suggest this bivalve species as possible reference organism for inland waters. In detail, we showed its application in biomonitoring, as well as for the evaluation of adverse effects induced by several pollutants, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. We discussed the advantages by the use of D. polymorpha for ecotoxicological studies, but also the possible limitations due to its invasive nature.