The intestinal microbiota has a key role in human health via the interaction with the somatic and immune cells in the digestive tract environment. Food, through matrix effect, nutrient and non-nutrient molecules, is a key regulator of microbiota diversity. As a food contaminant, the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) has an effect on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and induces perturbation of microbiota. Prebiotics (and notably inulin) are known for their ability to promote an equilibrium of the microbiota that favours saccharolytic bacteria. The SHIME® dynamic in vitro model of the human intestine was exposed to CPF and inulin concomitantly for 30 days, in order to assess variations in both the bacterial populations and their metabolites. Various analyses of the microbiota (notably temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) revealed a protective effect of the prebiotic through inhibition of the enterobacterial (E. coli) population. Bifidobacteria were only temporarily inhibited at D15 and recovered at D30. Although other potentially beneficial populations (lactobacilli) were not greatly modified, their activity and that of the saccharolytic bacteria in general were highlighted by an increase in levels of short-chain fatty acids and more specifically butyrate. Given the known role of host-microbiota communication, CPF's impact on the body's homeostasis remains to be determined.

Trichlorfon is an organic phosphorus pesticide used to control different parasitic infections in aquaculture. The repeated, excessive use of trichlorfon can result in environmental pollution, thus affecting human health. This study aimed to determine the effects of different concentrations of trichlorfon (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) on the intestinal barrier, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and intestinal microbiome of common carp. Trichlorfon exposure significantly reduced the height of intestinal villus and decreased the expression levels of tight junction genes, such as claudin-2, occludin and ZO-1, in common carp. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, SOD and GSH-Px, exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing trichlorfon concentrations, while the contents of MDA and ROS elevated in the intestinal tissues of common carp. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly upregulated by trichlorfon exposure. The level of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β was remarkably higher in 1.0 mg/L trichlorfon treatment group compared to control group. In addition, the results demonstrated that trichlorfon exposure could affect the microbiota community composition and decreased the community diversity in the gut of common carp. Notably, the proportions of some probiotic bacteria, namely, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia, were observed to be reduced after trichlorfon exposure. In summary, the findings of this study indicate that exposure to different concentrations of trichlorfon can damage intestinal barrier, induce intestinal oxidative damage, trigger inflammatory reaction and alter gut microbiota structure in common carp.

The gut microbiome is sensitive to diet and environmental exposures and is involved in the regulation of host metabolism. Additionally, gut inflammation is an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases, specifically atherosclerosis and diabetes. Exposures to dioxin-like pollutants occur primarily via ingestion of contaminated foods and are linked to increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. We aimed to elucidate the detrimental impacts of dioxin-like pollutant exposure on gut microbiota and host gut health and metabolism in a mouse model of cardiometabolic disease. We utilized 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics, and regression modeling to examine the impact of PCB 126 on the microbiome and host metabolism and gut health. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that gut microbiota populations shifted at the phylum and genus levels in ways that mimic observations seen in chronic inflammatory diseases. PCB 126 reduced cecum alpha diversity (0.60 fold change; p = 0.001) and significantly increased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (1.63 fold change; p = 0.044). Toxicant exposed mice exhibited quantifiable concentrations of PCB 126 in the colon, upregulation of Cyp1a1 gene expression, and increased markers of intestinal inflammation. Also, a significant correlation between circulating Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Bifidobacterium was evident and dependent on toxicant exposure. PCB 126 exposure disrupted the gut microbiota and host metabolism and increased intestinal and systemic inflammation. These data imply that the deleterious effects of dioxin-like pollutants may be initiated in the gut, and the modulation of gut microbiota may be a sensitive marker of pollutant exposures.

Copper nanoparticle Cu (d = 55 ± 15 nm) and CuO nanoparticles (d = 90 ± 10 nm) were used in the studies (OOO Platina, Russia). Using the method of pure cultures, we extracted Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Enterobacterium from the intestines of broilers. Additionally, strains of Bacillus subtilis 10641 and Bifidobacterium were involved in probiotic strains. The data obtained in the course of the study testify to the insignificant biotoxicity of copper nanoparticles with respect to representatives of the genera Lactobacillus (30 to 15 μg/ml) and Bifidobacterium (30 μg/ml), with the most sensitive bacteria being the genus Lactobacillus, for which a concentration of 7.5 μg/ml was subinhibitory. The second stage was the study using method of agar wells. In the course of the experiment, we obtained results confirming the data of the research by the serial dilution method. In this case, as in the first case, the data indicate the insignificant biotoxicity of copper nanoparticles in relation to representatives of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We have studied the bioaccumulating ability of microorganisms of the studied metals. In all the studies carried out, as in the first series of experiments, representatives of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with the lowest bioaccumulative ability were the most sensitive to copper nanoparticles and were 3.1 and 8.2%, respectively. The use of nanoparticles as a component of the fodder additive in small concentrations does not adversely affect not only the probiotic strains, but also the main representatives of the normoflora (Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Enterobacterium) of the poultry, the positive effect of the copper nanoparticles being directly related to low level of dissociation of nanoparticles, since biologically active ions will be released much more slowly, thereby creating a prolonged effect of exposure.