Heavy metals contamination of rainwater is a function of the adsorbed metals present in the particulates of the atmosphere in which the rain was formed from and rainwater chemistry is an alternative way of monitoring urban air pollution for predominant metal species. Three distinct sampling sites (residential, industrial and commercial) were investigated in the south western part of Nigeria for one year. After acid digestion, quantification was done using a double-beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The obtained results showed that heavy metals were predominantly present as free metal ion in the commercial and industrial areas but Mn and As mainly occurred in the suspended fraction. Residential area presented major fractions as bound to organic complexes except Cu and Cd which were principally available as suspended fraction. The health risks associated with the intake of the studied rainwaters indicated susceptibility to possible carcinogens upon consumption due to total RI > 10-4. Ecological risk assessment equally shown a very high level of ecological risks related with the metals due to RI ˃ 600. Sequel upon this, there is need for better sensitization of the citizenry to the sources and control of these pollutants.

In order to assess the environmental impact of soil polluted with trace metals, representative soils were collected surrounding the abandoned Pb–Zn mine mill (SM soils), and the new temporary ore storage site (SS soils), which are located in the vicinity of Medina (Aures), North-east of Algeria. Total digestion has been used to determine the total content of Zinc, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic, then it was analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The sequential extraction Tessier scheme was also used to extract the chemical forms of Zn, Cu, and Pb, and their concentrations in each fraction were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead was the most abundant trace metals, its concentration in mg.kg-1 ranged between (67.20 – 46000), followed by Zinc (26 - 1853), Copper (32 – 495), Arsenic (8 – 116), and Cadmium (0.3 - 7.30). Sequential extraction shows that Zinc was mainly associated with reducible and residual fractions. Copper was bound predominantly with the minerals in the residual fraction, followed by the organic matter. Lead was bound mainly with carbonate fraction in SM soils, while Pb in the SM soils was mainly associated with the reducible fraction. The Pb, Zn, Cu mobility factor was significantly higher in SM soils than in SS soils. These results indicate that anthropic activities related to ore concentration and mining process lead to increased concentration of trace metals in surrounding soils, hence their mobility and bioavailability, this consists a potential risk to the environment and biota.

Sampling was conducted on Agra-Delhi national highway NH-2. Samples were collected with the help of Sioutas cascade impactor. During the sampling, PM1.0-0.5 (255.85µg/m3) was higher than PM2.5-1.0 (218.96µg/m3). The AQI value for the average PM2.5 concentration also exceeded the severe AQ limit (401-500). These results showed that PM2.5 pollution has a significant influence on the site as a result of a variety of anthropogenic activities. During the summer season, for PM1.0-0.5 and PM2.5-1.0 highest values (µg/m3) of metals followed the same trend and it was observed as Mg(6.52)> Ca(5.89)> Al(3.64)> while for PM2.5-1.0 it was as Mg(10.12)> Ca(9.5)> Al(5.95) respectively. At roadside, most of these metals are emitted from the resuspension of dust and vehicle activities which causes serious diseases to the human being. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were highly enriched at national highway sampling sites, highlighting the crustal source, which has a major impact on metals concentration, followed by anthropogenic sources. The present research was conducted to find out the concentration level of metals in PM2.5-1.0 and PM1.0-0.5 particles in Agra, India to find out the health risk assessment at highway site.From the results, it was observed that all metals bound to larger size PM has high bioavailability. From the health risk assessment, it was found that all the metals bound smaller size particles showed higher HQ except in the case of Ni and Al. Cr, Pb showed carcinogenic risk to children and adults in both size fraction of PM except in the case of Ni.

Urban horticulture is of growing importance in developing and developed countries around the world; however, contamination of urban horticultural products can exceed the precautionary values, posing significant human health risks due to dietary exposure to high levels of the pollutants. In this study, samples of rhizosphere soil and corresponding vegetables have been collected from an urban garden in Ilorin, Nigeria, to assess the contamination level of trace metals as well as the health risk, associated with dietary intake of contaminated vegetables, in adult sub-population. The range of Cu, Pb, and Cd in garden topsoil was 14.0-52.50, 33.00-121.40, and 1.00-4.50 mg/kg, respectively. The metals sources were both anthropogenic and lithogenous, though the long-term accumulation of trace metals in the soil led to significant soil-plant transfer as evident in the levels of metals in some of the vegetables. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of Cu and Pb through vegetable consumption were far below the recommended tolerable daily intakes (TDI) and the hazard quotient (HQ) values were within the safe zone for the adult population. In contrast, the EDI of Cd for the vegetables was several folds greater than the TDI, thus greatly contributing to a high hazard index (HI>1.0), observed in all vegetables. Therefore, risk assessment of trace metal ingestion through consumption of the vegetables in the adult sub-population depicts serious health hazards with Cd, mainly contributing to vegetable contamination in the studied area.

The common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was selected as unique biomonitor species to implement a regional monitoring programme, the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch (MMW), in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As of today, and upon standardization of the methodological approach, the MMW Network has been able to quantify 137Cs levels in mussels from 60 coastal stations and to produce the first distribution map of this artificial radionuclide at the scale of the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas. While measured 137Cs levels were found to be very low (usually <1 Bq kg-1 wet wt) 137Cs activity concentrations in the Black Sea and North Aegean Sea were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the western Mediterranean Basin. Such effects, far from representing a threat to human populations or the environment, reflect a persistent signature of the Chernobyl fallout in this area. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

peer reviewed | Contaminated land burdens the economy of many countries and must be dealt with. Researchers have published thousands of documents studying and developing soil and sediment remediation treatments. Amongst the targeted pollutants are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), described as a class of persistent organic compounds, potentially harmful to ecosystems and living organisms. The present paper reviews and discusses three scientific trends that are leading current PAH-contaminated soil/sediment remediation studies and management. First, the choice of compounds that are being studied and targeted in the scientific literature is discussed, and we suggest that the classical 16 US-EPA PAH compounds might no longer be sufficient to meet current environmental challenges. Second, we discuss the choice of experimental material in remediation studies. Using bibliometric measures, we show the lack of PAH remediation trials based on co-contaminated or aged-contaminated material. Finally, the systematic use of the recently validated bioavailability measurement protocol (ISO/TS 16751) in remediation trials is discussed, and we suggest it should be implemented as a tool to improve remediation processes and management strategies.

We tested a trait-based approach to link a soil disturbance to changes in invertebrate communities. Soils and macro-invertebrates were sampled in sandy soils contaminated by long-term wastewater irrigation, adding notably organic matter and trace metals (TM). We hypothesized that functional traits of invertebrates depict ways of exposure and that exposure routes relate to specific TM pools. Geophages and soft-body invertebrates were chosen to inform on exposure by ingestion or contact, respectively. Trait-based indices depicted more accurately effects of pollution than community density and diversity did. Exposure by ingestion had more deleterious effects than by contact. Both types of exposed invertebrates were influenced by TM, but geophages mainly responded to changes in soil organic matter contents. The trait-based approach requires to be applied in various conditions to uncorrelate specific TM impacts from those of other environmental factors.

peer reviewed | Copper and zinc are metals that have been traditionally thought of as past contamination legacies. However, their industrial use is still extensive and current applications (e.g. nanoparticles and antifouling paints) have become additional marine environment delivery routes. Determining a pollutant's genotoxicity is an ecotoxicological priority, but in marine benthic systems putative substances responsible for sediment genotoxicity have rarely been identified. Studies that use sediment as the delivery matrix combined with exposures over life-history relevant timescales are also missing for metals. Here we assess copper and zinc's genotoxicity by exposing the ecologically important polychaete Alitta virens to sediment spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations for 9 months. Target bioavailable sediment and subsequent porewater concentrations reflect the global contamination range for coasts, whilst tissue concentrations, although elevated, were comparable with other polychaetes. Survival generally reduced as concentrations increased, but monthly analyses show that growth was not significantly different between treatments. The differential treatment mortality may have enabled the surviving worms in the high concentration treatments to capture more food thus removing any concentration treatment effects for biomass. Using the alkaline comet assay we confirm that both metals via the sediment are genotoxic at concentrations routinely found in coastal regions and this is supported by elevated DNA damage in worms from field sites. However, combined with the growth data it also highlights the tolerance of A. virens to DNA damage. Finally, using long term (decadal) monitoring data we show stable or increasing sediment concentrations of these metals for many areas. This will potentially mean coastal sediment is a significant mutagenic hazard to the benthic community for decades to come. An urgent reappraisal of the current input sources for these ‘old pollutants’ is, therefore, required. Chronic exposure of zinc and copper via sediment at environmentally relevant concentrations induces DNA damage in a marine polychaete. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

International audience | The bioavailability of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in lowly to moderately contaminated coastal sediments from the Berre lagoon, France, was assessed by comparing their potentially bioavailable concentrations and bioaccumulated concentrations in the polychaete Alitta succinea. No linear correlations were observed contrarily to what is generally observed in similar works in areas with highly contaminated sediment. Correlations between trace and major elements (Fe, Ca, S, Mg, P, Al) in Alitta succinea tissues and their distribution in organism tissues show that, in such lowly to moderately contaminated sediments, biological variabilities should be considered. Normalization procedures allow to take into account these variabilities and to identify that sediment contamination is partly involved in the benthic ecosystem degradation of the Berre lagoon. Alitta succinea cannot be used as relevant bioindicator for Zn and Co bioavailability in sediment, since these elements are regulated by this organism.

International audience | The bioavailability of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in lowly to moderately contaminated coastal sediments from the Berre lagoon, France, was assessed by comparing their potentially bioavailable concentrations and bioaccumulated concentrations in the polychaete Alitta succinea. No linear correlations were observed contrarily to what is generally observed in similar works in areas with highly contaminated sediment. Correlations between trace and major elements (Fe, Ca, S, Mg, P, Al) in Alitta succinea tissues and their distribution in organism tissues show that, in such lowly to moderately contaminated sediments, biological variabilities should be considered. Normalization procedures allow to take into account these variabilities and to identify that sediment contamination is partly involved in the benthic ecosystem degradation of the Berre lagoon. Alitta succinea cannot be used as relevant bioindicator for Zn and Co bioavailability in sediment, since these elements are regulated by this organism.