Both cancer and diabetes mellitus are serious health issues, accounting more than 11 million deaths worldwide annually. Targeted use of plant-mediated nanoparticles (NPs) in treatment of ailments has outstanding results due to their salient properties. The current study was designed to investigate the safe production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Acacia nilotica. Different concentrations of AgNO₃ were tested to optimize the protocol for the synthesis of AgNPs from the bark extract. It was demonstrated that 0.1 M and 3 mM were found to be the optimum concentrations for the synthesis of AgNPs. Standard characterization techniques such as UV–vis spectrophotometry, SEM, SEM-EDX micrograph, spot analysis, elemental mapping and XRD were used for the conformation of biosynthesis of AgNPs. Absorption spectrum of plant-mediated AgNPs under UV–vis spectrophotometer showed a strong peak at 380 nm and 420 nm for AgNPs synthesized at 0.1 M and 3 mM concentration of salt. The SEM results showed that AgNPs were present in variable shapes within average particle size ranging from (20–50 nm). Anticancer, antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of green AgNPs was investigated and they showed promising results as compared to the positive and negative controls. Hence, AgNPs were found potent therapeutic agent against the human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2), strong inhibitor for α-glucosidase enzyme activity and scavenging agent against free radicals that cause oxidative stress. Further studies are however needed to confirm the molecular mechanism and biochemical reactions responsible for the anticancer and antidiabetic activities of the particles.

Arsenic is a well-recognized environmental contaminant that occurs naturally through geogenic processes in the aquifer. More than 200 million people around the world are potentially exposed to the elevated level of arsenic mostly from Asia and Latin America. Many adverse health effects including skin diseases (i.e., arsenicosis, hyperkeratosis, pigmentation changes), carcinogenesis, and neurological diseases have been reported due to arsenic exposure. In addition, arsenic has recently been shown to contribute to the onset of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced diabetes are pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death, impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance and reduced cellular glucose transport. Whereas, the most proposed mechanisms of arsenic-induced hypertension are oxidative stress, disruption of nitric oxide signaling, altered vascular response to neurotransmitters and impaired vascular muscle calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling, damage of renal, and interference with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, the contributions of arsenic exposure to non-communicable diseases are complex and multifaceted, and little information is available about the molecular mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced non-communicable diseases and also no suitable therapeutic target identified yet. Therefore, in the future, more basic research is necessary to identify the appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment and management of arsenic-induced non-communicable diseases. Several reports demonstrated that a daily balanced diet with proper nutrient supplements (vitamins, micronutrients, natural antioxidants) has shown effective to reduce the damages caused by arsenic exposure. Arsenic detoxication through natural compounds or nutraceuticals is considered a cost-effective treatment/management and researchers should focus on these alternative options. This review paper explores the scenarios of arsenic contamination in groundwater with an emphasis on public health concerns. It also demonstrated arsenic sources, biogeochemistry, toxicity mechanisms with therapeutic targets, arsenic exposure-related human diseases, and onsets of cardiovascular diseases as well as feasible management options for arsenic toxicity.

As a common health indicator in physical examinations, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level measurements are widely applied as a diagnostic method for diabetes mellitus. Uncertain conclusions remained regarding the relationship between PM₂.₅ exposure and FBG levels. We enrolled 47,471 subjects who participated in annual physical examinations between 2017 and 2019. We collected their general characteristics and FBG levels, and environmental factors simultaneously. We applied the generalized additive model to evaluate the impact of short-term outdoor PM₂.₅ exposure on FBG levels. Among the entire population, the single-pollutant models showed that a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₂.₅ significantly contributed to 0.0030, 0.0233, and 0.0325 mmol/L increases in FBG at lag 0–7 days, lag 0–21 days, and lag 0–28 days, respectively. Accordingly, in multipollutant models, when PM₂.₅ increased by 10 μg/m³, there was an elevation of 0.0361, 0.0315, 0.0357, and 0.0387 mmol/L in FBG for 8-day, 15-day, 22-day, and 29-day moving averages, respectively. Similarly, we observed a significant positive association between them in the normal population. Moreover, the effects could be modified by age in both the entire and normal populations. Decreasing the ambient PM₂.₅ concentrations can alleviate the elevation of FBG, which may significantly impact the burden of diabetes mellitus.

Microcystins (MCs) widely distributed in freshwaters have posed a significant risk to human health. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to MC-LR impairs pancreatic islet function, however, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) impairment in β-cell dysfunction caused by MC-LR. The result showed that MC-LR modified ER morphology evidenced by increased ER amount and size at low doses (15, 30 or 60 μM) and vacuolar and dilated ER ultrastructure at high doses (100 or 200 μM). Also, insulin content showed increased at 15 or 30 μM but declined at 60, 100, or 200 μM, which was highly accordant with ER morphological alteration. Transcriptomic analysis identified a number of factors and several pathways associated with ER protein processing, ER stress, apoptosis, and diabetes mellitus in the cells treated with MC-LR compared with non-treated cells. Furthermore, MC-LR-induced ER stress significantly promoted the expression of PERK/eIF2α and their downstream targets (ATF4, CHOP, and Gadd34), which indicates that PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway is involved in MC-LR-induced insulin deficiency. These results suggest that ER impairment is an important contributor to MC-LR-caused β-cell failure and provide a new insight into the association between MCs contamination and the occurrence of human diseases.

Studies indicated that occupationally exposed to metals could result in oxidative damage and inflammation and increase cardiovascular diseases risk. However, epidemiological studies about the associations of metals exposure with diabetes risk among coke oven workers were limited.This study aims to investigate the potential associations of 23 metals levels with the risk of diabetes among coke oven workers.The analysis was conducted in a cross-sectional study including 1493 participants. Urinary metals and urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the associations of urinary metal levels with diabetes risk with adjustment for potential confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, education, smoking, drinking, physical activity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and urinary PAHs metabolites levels.Compared with the normoglycemia group, the levels of urinary copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, and cadmium were significantly higher in the diabetes group (all p < 0.05). Participants with the highest tertile of urinary copper and zinc had 2.12 (95%CI: 1.12–4.01) and 5.43 (95%CI: 2.61–11.30) fold risk of diabetes. Similar results were found for hyperglycemia risk. Besides, participants with the highest tertile of manganese, barium, and lead had 1.65(1.22–2.23), 1.60(1.19–2.16) and 1.45(1.05–1.99) fold risk of hyperglycemia when compared with the lowest tertlie.The results indicated that the urinary copper and zinc levels were positively associated with the risk of diabetes and hyperglycemia among coke oven workers. Urinary manganese, barium and lead levels were also associated with increased risk of hyperglycemia independently of other traditional risk factors. These findings need further validation in prospective study with larger sample size.

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and particulate air pollution are associated with inflammatory dysregulation. We assessed the modifying effects of diabetes medications on the association of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, and traffic exposure in adults with T2D (n = 379). CRP concentrations were significantly positively associated with residence ≤100 m of a roadway, >100 m and ≤200 m of a roadway and increased traffic density for individuals using insulin. For individuals using oral hypoglycemic medications (OHAs), CRP was significantly negatively associated with residence >100 m – ≤200 m of a roadway and multiple roadway exposure in an interaction model. Among people with diabetes, individuals on insulin appear to be most vulnerable to the effects of traffic exposure. Disease severity among insulin users may promote the pro-inflammatory response to traffic exposure, though diabetes medications may also modify the response. Possible anti-inflammatory effects of OHAs with traffic exposure merit further evaluation.

Long-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with increased natural-cause mortality, but the evidence on diagnoses-specific mortality outcomes is limited. Few studies have examined the potential synergistic effects of exposure to pollutants and greenness. We investigated the association between exposure to air pollution and greenness with nervous system related mortality, cardiometabolic and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) mortality in Greece, using an ecological study design. We collected socioeconomic and mortality data for 1035 municipal units from the 2011 Census. Annual PM₂.₅, NO₂, BC and O₃ concentrations for 2010 were predicted at 100 × 100 m grids by hybrid land use regression models. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used for greenness. We applied single and two-exposure Poisson regression models on standardized mortality rates accounting for spatial autocorrelation. We assessed interactions between pollutants and greenness. An interquartile range increase in PM₂.₅, NO₂ and BC was associated with increased risk in mortality from diseases of the nervous system (relative risk (RR): 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.28); 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.07); 1.05 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.10) respectively) and from cerebrovascular disease (RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.18); 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.04); 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.04) respectively). PM₂.₅ was associated with ischemic heart disease mortality (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10). We estimated inverse associations for all outcomes with O₃ and for mortality from diseases of the nervous system or COPD with greenness. Estimates were mostly robust to co-exposure adjustment. Interactions were identified between NDVI and O₃ or PM₂.₅ on mortality from the diseases of the nervous system, with higher effect estimates in greener areas.Our findings support the adverse effects of air pollution and the beneficial role of greenness on cardiovascular and nervous system related mortality. Further research is needed on diabetes mellitus.

The frequency and duration of exposure to acrylamide (AA) from the environment and diet are associated with a range of adverse health effects. However, whether long-term AA exposure is related to diabetes mellitus (DM) remains unknown. Data from 3577 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 and 2013–2016 aged ≥ 20 years was analysed. The main analyses applied multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models to investigate the associations between DM and AA haemoglobin biomarkers, including haemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide (HbAA and HbGA), the sum of HbAA and HbGA (HbAA + HbGA), and the ratio of HbGA to HbAA (HbGA/HbAA) levels. After multivariable adjustment, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for DM comparing the highest with the lowest AA haemoglobin biomarker quartiles were 0.71 (0.55, 0.93), 0.92 (0.71, 1.18), 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) and 1.95 (1.51, 2.51) for HbAA, HbGA, HbAA + HbGA and HbGA/HbAA, respectively. The restricted cubic spline model demonstrated that HbAA was linearly and inversely associated with risk of DM (P for trend = 0.013), while HbGA/HbAA was nonlinearly and positively associated with the prevalence of DM (P for trend <0.001). These results support for epidemiological evidence that the HbAA and HbGA/HbAA are significantly associated with DM. Further studies are warranted to infer the causal role of AA exposure in the prevalence of DM.

Associations between single metal and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels have been reported in previous studies. However, the association between multi-metals exposure and FBG level are little known. To assess the joints of arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) co-exposure on FBG levels, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) statistical method was used to estimate the potential joint associations between As, Ni, Cd, Se, and Zn co-exposure and FBG levels among 1478 community-based Chinese adults from two counties, Shimen (n = 696) and Huayuan (n = 782), with different exposure profiles in Hunan province of China. The metals levels were measured in spot urine (As, Ni, and Cd) and plasma (Se and Zn) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. The exposure levels of all the five metals were significantly higher in Shimen area (median: As = 57.76 μg/L, Cd = 2.75 μg/L, Ni = 2.73 μg/L, Se = 112.67 μg/L, Zn = 905.68 μg/L) than those in Huayuan area (As = 41.14 μg/L, Cd = 2.22 μg/L, Ni = 1.88 μg/L, Se = 65.59 μg/L, Zn = 819.18 μg/L). The BKMR analyses showed a significantly positive over-all effect of the five metals on FBG levels when metals concentrations were all above the 50th percentile while a statistically negative over-all effect when metals concentrations were all under the 50th percentile in Shimen area. However, a totally opposite over-all effect of the mixture of the five metals on FBG levels was found in Huayuan area. BKMR also revealed a non-linear exposure-effect of Zn on FBG levels in Huayuan area. In addition, interaction effects of As and Se on FBG level were observed. The relationship between single or combined metals exposure and FBG was different against different exposure profiles. Potential interaction effects of As and Se on FBG levels may exist.

The linkage between ambient air pollution exposure and occurrence of diabetes mellitus is not well defined. This study examined the association between exposure to fine particles (PM₂.₅) and the prevalence of diabetes among Chinese elderly people. We surveyed 11,504 adults aged ≥50 years in China, estimated the annual concentrations of ambient PM₂.₅ using a satellite-based model of aerosol optical depth information. We employed a generalized mixed effects model to examine the association between PM₂.₅ and the prevalence of diabetes and explored potential effect modifiers. We estimated diabetes burden attributable to ambient PM₂.₅ if the observed association is indeed causal. The diabetes prevalence among the participants was 6.5% (n = 745). Our analysis found a statistically significant association between PM₂.₅ and diabetes. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12, 1.43) for each 10 μg/m³ increment in ambient PM₂.₅. Stratified analyses found a lower association among the participants with higher consumption of fruit. We estimated that 22.02% (95% CI: 8.59%, 43.29%) of the diabetes cases could be ascribable to ambient PM₂.₅. Our finding suggests that PM₂.₅ exposures could increase the risk of diabetes, and if causal, could be responsible for substantial burden of diabetes among the Chinese elderly; and higher intakes of fruit might reduce the harmful effects of PM₂.₅, however, due to the limitation of the cross-sectional study design, more studies are warranted to confirm this observation.