The common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was selected as unique biomonitor species to implement a regional monitoring programme, the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch (MMW), in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As of today, and upon standardization of the methodological approach, the MMW Network has been able to quantify 137Cs levels in mussels from 60 coastal stations and to produce the first distribution map of this artificial radionuclide at the scale of the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas. While measured 137Cs levels were found to be very low (usually <1 Bq kg-1 wet wt) 137Cs activity concentrations in the Black Sea and North Aegean Sea were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the western Mediterranean Basin. Such effects, far from representing a threat to human populations or the environment, reflect a persistent signature of the Chernobyl fallout in this area. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

International audience | The common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was selected as unique biomonitor species to implement a regional monitoring programme, the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch (MMW), in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As of today, and upon standardization of the methodological approach, the MMW Network has been able to quantify 137Cs levels in mussels from 60 coastal stations and to produce the first distribution map of this artificial radionuclide at the scale of the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas. While measured 137Cs levels were found to be very low (usually &lt;1 Bq kg-1 wet wt) 137Cs activity concentrations in the Black Sea and North Aegean Sea were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the western Mediterranean Basin. Such effects, far from representing a threat to human populations or the environment, reflect a persistent signature of the Chernobyl fallout in this area. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, we investigated the daily variability of PM₁₀ concentrations in January in Korea during the past 19 years (2001–2019), as well as the associated atmospheric circulation patterns. The daily PM₁₀ concentrations were classified into three cases: low (L; < 50 μg/m³), high (H; 50–100 μg/m³), and extremely high (EH; ≥ 100 μg/m³). We found that the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon influenced the PM₁₀ variability in the L and H cases. However, the EH cases were strongly influenced by the rapid growth of barotropic warming (anticyclonic anomaly) over the eastern North Atlantic and Northern Europe (ENE), and the stationary Rossby waves grew rapidly over Eurasia within only four days. Analysis of the quasi-geostrophic geopotential tendency budget revealed that the anticyclonic anomaly over the ENE was enhanced by vorticity advection. Linear baroclinic model experiments confirmed that vorticity forcing over the ENE induces favorable atmospheric conditions for the occurrence of EH PM₁₀ events in East Asia. As a result, the PM₁₀ concentration sharply increased sharply by approximately three times over four days. This study suggests that understanding atmospheric teleconnections between the ENE and East Asia can effectively predict the occurrence of EH PM₁₀ events in Korea, helping to reduce the human health risks from atmospheric pollution.

Black carbon (BC) as the main component of pollutants in the Arctic plays an important role on regional climate change. In this study, we applied the regional climate-chemistry model, WRF-Chem, to investigate the spatial distribution, transportation, and impact factors of BC in the Arctic. Compared with reanalysis data and observations, the WRF-Chem performed well in terms of the seasonal variations of meteorological parameters and BC concentrations, indicating the applicability of this model on Arctic BC simulation works. Our results showed that the BC concentrations in the Arctic had an obviously seasonalvariation pattern. Surface BC concentrations peaked during winter and spring seasons, while the minimum occurred during summer and autumn seasons. For the vertical distribution, BC aerosols mainly concentrated in the Arctic lower troposphere, and most of BC distributed near the surface during winter and spring seasons and in the higher altitude during other seasons. The seasonality of BC was associated with the seasonal change of meteorological field. During winter, the significant northward airflow prevailing in northern Eurasia caused the transport of accumulated pollutants from this region into the Arctic. The similar but weakened northward airflow pattern and the anticyclone activity during spring can allow pollutants to be transported to the Arctic lower troposphere. Moreover, the more stable atmosphere during winter and spring seasons made BC accumulated mainly near the surface. During summer and autumn seasons, the less stable boundary layer and the cyclone activity in the Arctic facilitated the diffusion of pollutants into the higher altitude. Meanwhile, the higher relative humidity can promote the wet removal process and lead to the relatively lower BC concentrations near the surface. Compared with the seasonal change of emission, our analysis showed that the seasonal variation of meteorological field was the main contributor for the seasonality of BC in the Arctic.

Black carbon (BC), by the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, has profound effects on climate change and glacier retreat in industrial eras. In the present study, we report refractory BC (rBC) in an ice core spanning 1850–2014, retrieved from the Hariqin Glacier of the Tanggula Mountains in the central Tibetan Plateau, measured using a single particle soot photometer (SP2). The rBC concentration shows a three-fold increase since the 1950s. The mean rBC concentration was 0.71 ± 0.52 ng mL⁻¹ during 1850s–1940s and 2.11 ± 1.60 ng mL⁻¹ during 1950s–2010s. The substantial increase in rBC since the 1950s is consistent with rBC ice core records from the Tibetan Plateau and Eastern Europe. According to the predominant atmospheric circulation patterns over the glacier and timing of changes in regional emissions, the post-1950 amplification of rBC concentration in the central Tibetan Plateau most likely reflects increases in emissions in Eastern Europe, former USSR, the Middle East, and South Asia. Despite the low-level background rBC concentrations in the ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau, the present study highlights a remarkable increase in anthropogenic BC emissions in recent decades and the consequent influence on glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau.

The production and use of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was recently prohibited/restricted by the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), but environmental data are few and of varying quality. We here present the first extensive dataset of the continent-wide (Eurasia and Canada) occurrence of PCP and its methylation product pentachloroanisole (PCA) in the environment, specifically in pine needles. The highest concentrations of PCP were found close to expected point sources, while PCA chiefly shows a northern and/or coastal distribution not correlating with PCP distribution. Although long-range transport and environmental methylation of PCP or formation from other precursors cannot be excluded, the distribution patterns suggest that such processes may not be the only source of PCA to remote regions and unknown sources should be sought. We suggest that natural sources, e.g., chlorination of organic matter in Boreal forest soils enhanced by chloride deposition from marine sources, should be investigated as a possible partial explanation of the observed distributions. The results show that neither PCA nor total PCP (ΣPCP = PCP + PCA) should be used to approximate the concentrations of PCP; PCP and PCA must be determined and quantified separately to understand their occurrence and fate in the environment. The background work shows that the accumulation of airborne POPs in plants is a complex process. The variations in life cycles and physiological adaptations have to be taken into account when using plants to evaluate the concentrations of POPs in remote areas.

Selected trace elements, ionic species and organic/elemental carbon in aerosols were measured in summer at Ny–Alesund in the Arctic, and an interpreted approach combining elemental ratios, back–trajectories and enrichment factors was used to assess the sources of aerosols observed at this location. Aerosol samples influenced by ship emissions were featured by elevated concentrations of non–crustal (nc) vanadium (V), nc–nickel (nc–Ni), non–sea salt (nss) sulfate (SO42−) and ratios of nc–Ni/nc–V (1.7) and nss–SO42−/nc–V (200). When two cruise ships with more than 1 500 passengers visited Ny–Alesund in July 2012, the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass reached 2 290ng m−3, almost three times the median TSP concentration (609ng m−3) measured during the study period. The nc–V concentration reached 0.976ng m−3, about 38–fold higher compared to the mean value of the sampling period, and this value was even higher than the annual mean value observed at Zeppelin station and the values measured during Haze events at North American Arctic and Norwegian Arctic. The concentrations of nc–Ni and nss–SO42− were 0.572ng m−3 and 203ng m−3, which were 8–fold and 2–fold higher than the median values of the sampling period. While in the few–ship period, defined as the period with none or only one cruise ship with less than 1 000 passengers being present, aerosols at this location could be affected by a mixed impact of local emissions and long–range transport, reflected by the nc–Mn/nc–V ratios and element enrichment factors often found in the air masses from North America Arctic, Iceland and North Eurasia. Results from this study suggest that cruise ship emissions contributed significantly to atmospheric particulate matter at Ny–Alesund in the summer, effecting air quality in this area.

Under the background of growing greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting global warming, researches about the spatial-temporal variation analysis of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the regional and global scale has become one of the most important topics in the scientific community. Simulating and analyzing the spatial-temporal variation of the carbon dioxide concentration on a global scale under limited observation data has become one of the key problems to be solved in the research field of spatial analysis technology. A new research approach based on high accuracy surface modeling data fusion (HASM-DF) method was proposed in this paper, in which the output of the CO2 concentration of the GEOS-Chem model were taken as driving field, and the observation values of CO2 concentration at ground observation station were taken as accuracy control conditions. The new approach's objective is to fulfill the fusion of the two kinds of CO2 data, and obtain the distribution of CO2 on a global scale with a higher accuracy than the results of GEOS-Chem. Root mean square error (RMSE) was chosen as the basic accuracy index, and the experimental analysis shows that the RMSE of the result of the proposed approach is 1.886 ppm, which is significantly lower than that of the GEOS-Chem's 2.239 ppm. Furthermore, compared with the results created by the interpolation methods used the observation values at stations; the fusion results keep a good spatial heterogeneity similar to the results of GEOS-Chem. This research analyzed the spatial distribution and time series variation of the near-surface CO2 based on the fusion result on a global scale. And it can found that areas such as East Asia, Western North American, Central South America and Central Africa and other region show a relatively high value of the near-surface CO2 concentration. And we also found that the near-surface CO2 concentration changes with season, especially in North America and Eurasia, the near-surface CO2 in summer was significantly lower than winter in these areas.

Concentrations of Fe, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sn, V and Zn in mud (<63μm size), and total and methyl Hg in gross sediment are reported for Arctic Alaska nearshore. Multivariate-PCA analysis discriminated seven station clusters defined by differences in metal concentrations, attributed to regional variations in granulometry and, as in Elson Lagoon, to focused atmospheric fluxes of contaminants from Eurasia. In Colville Delta-Prudhoe Bay, V increase was noted in 1985 and 1997 compared to 1977, and Ba increase from 1985 to 1997. Presumably the source of increased V is the local gas flaring plant, and the elevated Ba is due to barite accumulation from oil drilling effluents. In Prudhoe Bay, concentration spikes of metals in ∼1988 presumably reflect enhanced metals deposition following maximum oil drilling in 1980s. In summary, the Alaskan Arctic nearshore has remained generally free of metal contamination despite petroleum-related activities in past 40years.

Naturally growing mosses have been successfully used as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metal (HM) deposition. In recent years, with rapid economic development, environmental pollution in Yancheng, a coastal city in central Jiangsu Province, China, has become increasingly serious. However, to date, there have been no reports on atmospheric HM deposition in Yancheng. In this study, we investigated the HM concentrations and Pb isotopes in the moss Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Broth. from Yancheng and analyzed their main sources. The concentrations of HM in mosses from Yancheng were higher than those recorded in other studies of mosses from HM smelting regions and pollution-free areas of Eurasia and Alaska. The contamination factor value suggested that the pollution level of Cd was the highest. The pollution load index indicated that the studied area was severely contaminated with Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, V, Ni, and Cu. Positive matrix factorization was employed to identify the contamination sources of HM and apportion their source contributions in mosses. The contributions of the natural source, together with manufacturing and construction, metal processing and chemical industries, traffic emissions and fuel burning in industrial activities, and agricultural activities, accounted for 53%, 33%, 12%, and 2%, respectively. The Pb isotopic ratios in the mosses (1.125–1.164 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, 2.059–2.148 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) further proved that metal processing and traffic emissions were the main sources of Pb contamination. These results are useful for developing various effective measures to prevent and reduce atmospheric HM deposition in Yancheng.