The livelihoods of poor people living in rural areas of Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) of Pakistan depend largely on irrigated agriculture. Water duties in IBIS are mainly calculated based on crop-specific evapotranspiration. Recent studies show that ignoring the spatial variability of factors affecting the crop water requirements can affect the crop production. The objective of the current study is thus to identify the factors which can affect the water duties in IBIS, map these factors by GIS, and then develop the irrigation response units (IRUs), an area representing the unique combinations of factors affecting the gross irrigation requirements (GIR). The Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) irrigation scheme, the largest irrigation scheme of the IBIS, is selected as a case. Groundwater quality, groundwater levels, soil salinity, soil texture, and crop types are identified as the main factors for IRUs. GIS along with gamma design software GS + was used to delineate the IRUs in the large irrigation scheme. This resulted in a total of 84 IRUs in the large irrigation scheme based on similar biophysical factors. This study provided the empathy of suitable tactics to increase water management and productivity in LCC. It will be conceivable to investigate a whole irrigation canal command in parts (considering the field-level variations) and to give definite tactics for management.

This paper presents hydrological parameters relevant for defining of water balance and water protection in the territory of the republic of Serbia. the parameters are taken from the Master Plan of the Republic of Serbia (2009) in which data processing was performed for 143 hydrological stations, 437 precipitation and 56 climate stations of the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia for the period 1946-2006. Data for pluviograph stations are taken from scientific and research base for the implementation of the VIS, where data processing was carried out for 30 pluviograph stations for the period from the beginning of the operation until 2008. For the purposes of making the Strategy for Water Use in Serbia, spatial interpolation of all relevant parameters respecting the altitude was carried out. The relevant parameters are presented in the form of GIS maps of isolines.