Plant uptake is a major pathway by which toxic metals can enter the food chain. In this laboratory study we grew spinach, radish, and perennial ryegrass on sand blends containing 50% waste foundry sand (WFS) to assess the availability of Al, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn. The WFSs utilized in this study were from aluminum, iron, and steel foundries. Although there were differences in the amounts of metals accumulated by the various plant species, excessive amounts of heavy metals were not taken up, regardless of WFS treatment. In spinach and radish, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were found to be within or close to the sufficiency range for agronomic crops. In ryegrass cuttings at 27, 57, and 87 days, Cu and Zn were within sufficiency ranges, but plants were Fe deficient and contained elevated concentrations of B, Mn, and Mo. Data from this study will be useful for state regulatory agencies interested in developing beneficial use regulations for WFSs.

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Agricultural industrial wastes can frequently be used as raw materials in the production of bio-fuels. Olive-oil milling wastewater is considered as one of the most polluting agro-industrial residues, but fortunately due to its high content of organic matter, it has the potential to be a valuable starting material to obtain bio-ethanol via fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation of olive-oil milling wastewater has been demonstrated with good yield of ethanol (8-12%v/v) once the level of reducing sugars is appropriate and the phenolic fraction, which inhibits the yeast, is removed.Materials and Methods:-Results:-Discussion:-Conclusions:-Recommendations and Perspectives:-

Stable complexes formation caused by usage of complexing agents as additive in plating solutions, made waste water treatment aggravated and expensive. The investigation results of samples that contain some cations expected in waste waters from this type of facilities, are presented in this paper. The precipitation of disolved heavy metals by neutralization, in the presence of strong chelators, do not give requested results. The dithiocarbamates are effective in complexing heavy metal ions forming insoluble compounds, with solubility far below that of the corresponding hydroxides. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy is used for wastewater samples analysis. After the reduction of Cr6+ into Cr3+ ions and homogenization, dithiocarbamate is added. Modified neutralization process with unchanged retention time and pH 9.0 +/- 0.2 results the Law permitted wastewater quality.

During technological process of coal treatment and coal improvement in RB Kolubara waste water is produced in the waste water cleansing installation and waste mud is separated. The examination have been executed concerning agrochemical and mechanical properties of this material as well as the presence of heavy metals and phenol. Based on the results which appeard during examination, this materail can be included in the biological reclamation process as bonifactor and deposol fertilizer. Inserting such organic materials, the requared organogenic features are increased and the physical and mechanical characteristics of deposol substrate are improved. The economical effects are important for RB Kolubara as well as for Kolubara-Prerada. The most important contribution is to environmental protection and fulfilling the legal regulations for bringing back of degraded soil to the primary purpose.