Industrial phosphate rock (PR) treatment has introduced lead (Pb) contamination into phosphate mining wasteland, causing serious contamination. Although bioremediation is considered an effective method and studies have investigated the bioimmobilization of Pb contamination in phosphate mining wasteland by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), the bioimmobilization mechanism remains unclear. In this study, a strain Citrobacter farmeri CFI-01 with phosphate-solubilizing and Pb-tolerant abilities was isolated from a phosphate mining wasteland. Liquid culture experiments showed that the maximum content of soluble phosphate and the percentage amount of Pb immobilized after 14 days were 351.5 mg/L and 98.18%, respectively, with a decrease in pH. Soil experiments showed that CFI-01 had reasonable bioimmobilization ability, and the percentage amount of Pb immobilized was increased by 7.790% and 22.18% in the groups inoculated with CFI-01, respectively, compared with that of the groups not inoculated with CFI-01. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that the immobilization of Pb was also ascribed to changes in the functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) and the formation of lead phosphate sediments. Finally, the results of the metagenomic analysis indicated that changes in the microbial community structure, enrichment of related functional abundances (e.g., metal metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism functions), and activation of functional genes (e.g., zntA, smtB, cadC, ATOX1, smtA, and ATX1) could help immobilize soil Pb contamination and explore the mechanism of bacterial bioimmobilization in Pb-contaminated soil. This study provides insights for exploring the immobilization mechanism of Pb contamination in phosphate mining wasteland using PSB, which has significance for further research.

The catalytic hydrogenolysis of a typical model compound of mulching film waste, polyethylene, was investigated as a potential way to improve economic efficiency of mulching film recycling. Nickel-based heterogeneous catalysts are proposed for polyethylene hydrogenolysis to produce liquid hydrocarbons. Among catalysts supported on various carriers, Ni/SiO₂ catalyst shows the highest activity which may due to the interactions between nickel and silica with the formation of nickel phyllosilicate. As high as 81.18% total gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbon was obtained from the polyethylene hydrogenolysis at relatively mild condition of 280 °C, and 3 MPa cold hydrogen pressure. The result is comparable to what have been reported in previous studies using noble metal catalysts. The gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbon are n-alkanes with a distribution at a range of C₄–C₂₂. The gas products are primarily CH₄ along with a small amount of C₂H₆ and C₃H₈. High yield of CH₄ as much as 9.68% was observed for the cleavage of molecule occurs along the alkane chain.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment and often ingested with food. PFAS exposure in people can have detrimental health consequences. Therefore, reducing PFAS burdens in food items is of great importance to public health. Here, we investigated whether cooking reduces PFAS concentrations in animal-derived food products by synthesizing experimental studies. Further, we examined the moderating effects of the following five variables: cooking time, liquid/animal tissue ratio, cooking temperature, carbon chain length of PFAS and the cooking category (oil-based, water-based & no-liquid cooking). In our systematic review searches, we obtained 512 effect sizes (relative differences in PFAS concentration between raw and cooked samples) from 10 relevant studies. These studies exclusively explored changes in PFAS concentrations in cooked seafood and freshwater fish. Our multilevel-meta-analysis has revealed that, on average, cooking reduced PFAS concentrations by 29%, although heterogeneity among effect sizes was very high (I² = 94.65%). Our five moderators cumulatively explained 49% of the observed heterogeneity. Specifically, an increase in cooking time and liquid/animal tissue ratio, as well as shorter carbon chain length of PFAS (when cooked with oil) were associated with significant reductions in PFAS concentrations. The effects of different ways of cooking depended on the other moderators, while the effect of cooking temperature itself was not significant. Overall, cooking can reduce PFAS concentrations in blue food (seafood and freshwater fish). However, it is important to note that complete PFAS elimination requires unrealistically long cooking times and large liquid/animal tissue ratios. Currently, literature on the impact of cooking of terrestrial animal produce on PFAS concentrations is lacking, which limits the inference and generalisation of our meta-analysis. However, our work represents the first step towards developing guidelines to reduce PFAS in food via cooking exclusively with common kitchen items and techniques.

The diurnal variation, gas-particle partitioning, health risks, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in a northern basin city of China in winter, 2020. The mean concentrations of particulate and gaseous PAHs were 87.90 ng m⁻³ and 69.65 ng m⁻³, respectively, and their concentrations were considerably enhanced during the domestic heating period. The relationship between the gas-particle partitioning coefficient of PAHs (KP) and subcooled liquid vapor pressure of PAHs (PL⁰) indicated organic absorption as the mechanism for this partitioning. However, the dual sorption model confirmed adsorption onto elemental carbon (EC). The health risks indicated by several equivalent parameters showed an important health effect of PAHs, especially of particulate PAHs bound onto PM₂.₅ during the heating period. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were also studied as an auxiliary parameter to evaluate the health impact of PAHs. According to the diagnostic ratios of PAHs and PMF model results, petroleum volatilization and coal combustion were the dominant sources of particulate PAHs during the non-heating and heating periods, respectively. The source apportionment results can help efficiently control PAHs and their health risks.

Catalytic pyrolysis is a promising chemical recycling technology to supplement mechanical recycling since plastics can be broken down into monomers or converted to the required fuels and chemicals. In this study, a microwave (MW) -responsive SiC foam@zeoltie core-shell structured catalyst was proposed for the catalytic pyrolysis of polyolefins. Under microwave irradiation, the SiC foam core works as both microwave adsorber and catalyst support, thus concentrating the generated heat energy on the ZSM-5 zeolite shell, where the catalytic reaction takes place. SiC foam with an open cellular structure can also improve the global transport of mass and heat during plastics pyrolysis. In this work, the effects of the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio and alkaline treatment of ZSM-5 zeolite coated SiC foam under MW irradiation on the variations in product distribution from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pyrolysis were investigated at 450 °C. The results indicated that the appropriate acidity and pore structure were crucial to upgrading gas and liquid products. Particularly, the creation of a mesoporous structure in ZSM-5 zeolite via alkaline treatment could improve the diffusion of large molecules and products, thus significantly increasing the selectivity of high-valued light olefins and aromatics while inhibiting the formation of unwanted alkanes, which are expected in the chemical industry. Concretely, the concentration of olefins in gas increased to 51.0 vol% for ZSM-5(50)-0.25AT, and 65.6 vol% for ZSM-5 (50)-0.50AT, compared with 45.2 vol% for the parent ZSM-5(50). The relative concentration of aromatics in liquid decreased from 96.6% for ZSM-5(50) to 75.9% for ZSM-5(50)-0.25AT, and 71.1% for ZSM-5(50)-0.50AT. Given the respective yield of gas and liquid, the total selectivity of C2–C4 olefins and aromatics for mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites could reach 58.6–64.9% during LDPE pyrolysis, which were higher than that for the parent ZSM-5 zeolite.

Contribution of liquid water content (LWC) to the levels of the carcinogenic particulate nitro(so) compounds and the chemistry affecting LWC were investigated based on the observation of seven nitrosamines and two nitramines in rural (Seosan) and urban (Seoul) area in South Korea during October 2019 and a model simulation. The concentrations of both the total nitrosamines and nitramines were higher in Seosan (12.48 ± 16.12 ng/m³ and 0.65 ± 0.71 ng/m³, respectively) than Seoul (7.41 ± 13.59 ng/m³ and 0.24 ± 0.15 ng/m³, respectively). The estimated LWC using a thermodynamic model in Seosan (12.92 ± 9.77 μg/m³) was higher than that in Seoul (6.20 ± 5.35 μg/m³) mainly due to higher relative humidity (75 ± 9% (Seosan); 62 ± 10% (Seoul)) and higher concentrations of free ammonia (0.13 ± 0.09 μmol/m³ (Seosan); 0.08 ± 0.01 μmol/m³ (Seoul)) and total nitric acid (0.09 ± 0.07 μmol/m³ (Seosan); 0.04 ± 0.02 μmol/m³ (Seoul)) in Seosan while neither fog nor rain occurred during the sampling period. The relatively high concentrations of the particulate nitrosamines (>30 ng/m³) only observed probably due to the higher LWC (>10 μg/m³) in Seosan. It implies that aqueous phase reactions involving NO₂ and/or uptake from the gas phase enhanced by LWC could be promoted in Seosan. Strong correlation between the concentrations of nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA), an example of nitrosamines, simulated by a kinetic box model including the aqueous phase reactions and the measured concentration of NDMA in Seosan (R = 0.77; 0.37 (Seoul)) indicates that the aqueous phase reactions dominantly enhanced the NDMA concentrations in Seosan. On the other hand, it is estimated that the formation of nitrosamines by aqueous phase reaction was not significant due to the relatively lower LWC in Seoul compared to that in Seosan. Furthermore, it is presumed that nitramines are mostly emitted from the primary emission sources. This study implies that the concentration of the particulate nitrosamines can be promoted by aqueous phase reaction enhanced by LWC.

This study focused on the syngenetic control of polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and heavy metals by field stabilization/solidification (S/S) treatment for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) and multi-step leachate treatment. Modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) speciation analysis and risk assessment code (RAC) revealed the medium environment risk of Cd and Mn, indicating the necessity of S/S treatment for MSWIFA. S/S treatment significantly declined the mass/toxic concentrations of PCDD/Fs (i.e., from 7.21 to 4.25 μg/kg; from 0.32 to 0.20 μg I-TEQ/kg) and heavy metals in MSWIFA due to chemical fixation and dilution effect. The S/S mechanism of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (SDD) and cement was decreasing heavy metals in the mild acid-soluble fraction to reduce their mobility and bioavailability. Oxidation treatment of leachate reduced the PCDD/F concentration from 49.10 to 28.71 pg/L (i.e., from 1.60 to 0.98 pg I-TEQ/L) by suspension absorption or NaClO oxidation decomposition, whereas a so-called “memory effect” phenomena in the subsequent procedures (adsorption, press filtration, flocculating settling, slurry separation, and carbon filtration) increased it back to 38.60 pg/L (1.66 pg I-TEQ/L). Moreover, the multi-step leachate treatment also effectively reduced the concentrations of heavy metals to 1–4 orders of magnitude lower than the national emission standards. Furthermore, the PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in other multiple media (soil, landfill leachate, groundwater, and river water) and their spatial distribution characteristics site were also investigated. No evidence showed any influence of the landfill on the surrounding liquid media. The slightly higher concentration of PCDD/Fs in the soil samples was ascribed to other waste management processes (transportation and unloading) or other local source (hazardous incineration plant). Therefore, proper management of landfills and leachate has a negligible effect on the surrounding environment.

Fabric and foam samples from popular children car seats marketed in the United States during 2018 were tested for fluorine content by particle-included gamma ray emission spectroscopy (PIGE, n = 93) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, n = 36), as well as for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS and GC/MS, n = 36). PFAS were detected in 97% of the car seat samples analyzed with MS, with total concentrations of 43 PFAS (∑PFAS) up to 268 ng/g. Fabric samples generally had greater ∑PFAS levels than foam and laminated composites of foam and fabric. The three fabric samples with the highest total fluorine content as represented by the highest PIGE signal were also subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Results from these treatments, as well as the much higher organofluorine levels measured by PIGE compared to LC/MS and GC/MS, suggested the presence of side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs), which have the potential to readily degrade into perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) under UV light. Furthermore, fluorotelomer (meth)acrylates were found to be indicators for the presence of (meth)acrylate-linked FTPs in consumer products, and thus confirmed that at least half of the tested car seats had FTP-treated fabrics. Finally, extraction of selected samples with synthetic sweat showed that ionic PFAS, particularly those with fluorinated carbons ≤8, can migrate from fabric to sweat, suggesting a potential dermal route of exposure.

Vehicle emissions are an important source of particulate matter (PM) in urban areas and have well-known adverse health effects on human health. Oxidative potential (OP) is used as a quantification metric for indexing PM toxicity. In this study, by using a liquid spot sampler (LSS) and the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, the diurnal OP variation was assessed at a ground-level urban monitoring station. Besides, since the monitoring station was adjacent to the main road, the correlation between OP and traffic volume was also evaluated. PM components, including metals, water-soluble inorganic aerosols (WSIAs), black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were also simultaneously monitored. The daytime and evening mean ± std volume-normalized OP (OPv) were 0.46 ± 0.27 and 0.48 ± 0.26 nmol/min/m³, and exhibited good correlations with PM₁.₀ and BC; however, these concentrations were only weakly correlated with mass-normalized OP (OPm). The mean ± std OPm was higher in the daytime (41.3 ± 13.8 pmol/min/μg) than in the evening (36.1 ± 11.5 pmol/min/μg). According to the PMF analysis, traffic emissions dominated the diurnal OP contribution. Organic matter and individual metals associated with non-exhaust traffic emissions, such as Mn, Fe, and Cu, contributed substantially to OP. Diurnal variations of PAH concentrations suggest that photochemical reactions could enhance OP, highlighting the importance of atmospheric aging on PM toxicity.

Understanding the migration and conversion of nitrogen in wood-based panels (WBPs) during pyrolysis is fundamentally important for potentially transforming the N-containing species into valuable material-based products. This review firstly summarizes the commonly used methods for examining N evolution during the WBPs pyrolysis before probing into the association between the wood and adhesives.The potential effects of wood-adhesive interaction on the pyrolysis process are subsequently analyzed. Furthermore, the controversial statements from literature on the influence of adhesives on wood pyrolysis behavior are discussed, which is followed by the detailed investigation into the distribution and evolution of N-containing species in gas, liquid and char, respectively, during WBPs pyrolysis in recent studies. The differences in N species due to the heating sources (i.e. electrical heating vs microwave heating) are particularly compared. Finally, based on the characteristics of staged pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, the converting pathways for WBPs are proposed with an emphasis on the production of value-added chemicals and carbon materials, simultaneously mitigating NOₓ emission.