Biodiesel side stream waste glycerol was identified as a cheap carbon source for rhamnolipids (RLs) production which at the same time could improve the management of waste. The present study aimed to produce RLs by using Pseudomonas aeruginosa RS6 utilizing waste glycerol as a substrate and to evaluate their physico-chemicals properties. Fermentation conditions such as temperature, initial medium pH, waste glycerol concentration, nitrogen sources and concentrations resulted in different compositions of the mono- and di-RLs produced. The maximum RLs production of 2.73 g/L was obtained when P. aeruginosa RS6 was grown in a basal salt medium supplemented with 1% waste glycerol and 0.2 M sodium nitrate at 35 °C and pH 6.5. At optimal fermentation conditions, the emulsification index (E₂₄) values of cooking oil, diesel oil, benzene, olive oil, petroleum, and kerosene were all above E₂₄₌50%. The surface tension reduction obtained from 72.13 mN/m to 29.4–30.4 mN/m was better than the surface activity of some chemical-based surfactants. The RLs produced possessed antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with values ranging from 37% to 77% of growth inhibition when 1 mg/mL of RLs was used. Concentrations of RLs below 1500 μg/mL did not induce phytotoxicity effects on the tested seeds (Vigna radiata) compared to the chemical-based- surfactant, SDS. Furthermore, RLs tested on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos only exhibited low acute toxicity with an LC₅₀ value of 72.97 μg/mL at 48 h of exposure suggesting a green and eco-biochemical worthy of future applications to replace chemical-based surfactants.

Diabetic wounds are characterized by a delayed closure rate due to the excess inflammation and the inhibition of angiogenesis. Natural products derived from Aloe vera have shown great promise due to their healing magnificent properties. Olive oil is another natural product with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to the healing process. In the present investigation, we tried to evaluate the efficacy of topical application of Aloe gel and/or olive oil in the enhancement of diabetic wounds using histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Excisional wounds were created on the back skin of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Topical treatments of Aloe gel and/or olive oil were applied separately and in a combination (AVO) daily for experimental groups. Macroscopic and microscopic observations of the excision wounds were monitored at time intervals (3, 6, 9, 14 days) post-wounding. Macroscopic observations of the AVO group exhibited almost complete healing at day 14, while other groups were still in progress. Similarly, immunohistochemical analysis of the AVO group showed a mild expression pattern of NF-κB.. While, the cell proliferation (Ki-67), and angiogenesis (CD34) markers were upregulated. Conclusively, the obtained results showed that the AVO combination effectively improved the healing process in diabetic excisional wounds with significant differences in the healing kinetics compared to wounds that received Aloe gel or olive oil separately.

Increasing demand for methanol production and global competition for the use of natural resources are key issues in finding new and environmentally routes for methanol production. In this work, life cycle assessment was performed using the software SimaPro v9 to analyze the environmental impact of methanol production process from olive pomace and compare with natural gas route. The main stages considered in the methanol production from olive pomace were olive production, olive oil extraction, and methanol production. In addition, the methanol production in turn can be divided in three main processes: olive pomace gasification, syngas purification, and methanol production which were also evaluated individually. Finally, the global environmental impacts associated with the methanol production from olive pomace were compared with a conventional methanol production from natural gas. This assessment determined that the production of methanol from the olive pomace had a greater environmental impact for all the categories studied except the one related to the shortage of fossil fuels. These results were directly related to the technical performance of the processes.

In degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon, 35 isolates belonging to 11 genera were sanitized and 3 isolates as well as their consortium were initiated to be able to raise in association with petroleum hydrocarbon as sole source of carbon under in vitro circumstances. The isolated strains were grounded on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence analysis. The fungal strains with the utmost potentiality to reduce petroleum hydrocarbon without emerging antagonistic activities were Aspergillus niger, Penicillium ochrochloron, and Trichodema viride. For fungal growth on petroleum hydrocarbon, P. ochrocholon gained weight of 44%, A. niger 49%, and T. viride 39% within the first 30–40 days. As compared to the controls, these fungi accumulated significantly higher biomass, produced extracellular enzymes, and degraded total petroleum hydrocarbon and A. niger strongly degraded total petroleum hydrocarbon with a degradation of about 71.19%. These observations with GC-MS data confirm that these isolates displayed rapid total petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation within a period of 60 days and the half-life showed that A. niger was the shortest with t1/2 = 21.280 day⁻¹ corresponding to the highest percent degradation of 71.19% and first-order kinetic fitted into the present study. By multivariate analysis, five main factors were identified by factor analysis (FA). The first factor (F1) of the fungi species accounts for 20.0% which signifies that fungi species controls the degradation of petroleum variability and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) as a dendrogram with five observations and three variables shows two predominant clusters order cluster 1 > 2.

Olive oil production generates a large amount of olive mill wastewater (OMW), the most difficult to treat of agro-industrial effluents. Spreading of OMW across the soilscape has become the most frequently used practice in several Mediterranean basin countries but is hotly debated because of its potential to impair soil environs. The research hypothesis states that soil deterioration is correlated strongly with the spatiotemporal rate of OMW application; thus, the spatial pattern of the soil attributes should be established in conjunction with the rate of OMW spreading. The spatial pattern was ascertained using proximal soil sensing that measures the apparent electrical conductance (ECₐ). Eight representative locations were identified using grouping analysis of the ECₐ data. The soils were analyzed for selected physical and chemical attributes known to be affected by OMW spreading as well as ancillary parameters needed for the calibration of the ECₐ. Discriminant analysis successfully categorized 76% of the ECₐ groups, selecting CEC, sand, pH, and ESP as the most powerful discriminatory variables in the grouping analysis. The correlation coefficients between the measured ECₐ, and the calculated ECₐ, and soil moisture were very high (r > 0.77, P < 0.05), suggesting that the proximal soil survey results are well calibrated. The spreading of untreated OMW over more than 7 years did not impair the soils under study. No significant changes in soil chemo-physical properties such as pH (< 7.66), electrical conductivity in saturated paste (< 3.58 dS m⁻¹), sodium adsorption ratio (< 2.3), potassium adsorption ratio (< 0.33), exchangeable sodium percentage (< 3.85%), and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (< 0.3 cm h⁻¹) were found in comparison with untreated soils. The results support the premise that moderate quantities of OMW (50–70 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) equally spread over the soilscape will have little impact on soil health.

The capacities of a biosurfactant producing and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) utilizing bacterium, namely, strain 1C, isolated from an Algerian contaminated soil, were investigated. Strain 1C belonged to the Paenibacillus genus and was closely related to the specie Paenibacillus popilliae, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.4 %. It was able to produce biosurfactant using olive oil as substrate. The biosurfactant production was shown by surface tension (32.6 mN/m) after 24 h of incubation at 45 °C and 150 rpm. The biosurfactant(s) retained its properties during exposure to elevated temperatures (70 °C), relatively high salinity (20 % NaCl), and a wide range of pH values (2–10). The infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that its chemical structure belonged to lipopeptide class. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of this biosurfactant was about 0.5 g/l with 29.4 mN/m. In addition, the surface active compound(s) produced by strain 1C enhanced PAH solubility and showed a significant antimicrobial activity against pathogens. In addition to its biosurfactant production, strain 1C was shown to be able to utilize PAHs as the sole carbon and energy sources. Strain 1C as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria and its interesting surface active agent may be used for cleaning the environments polluted with polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

Pirina, a waste of olive oil factory, was used as an adsorbent for the removal of remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR) from aqueous solution by adsorption process. The pirina was pretreated with HNO₃before batch adsorption experiments. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, pH, temperature, and ionic strength on dye removal were investigated. While the amount of the dye removed by the pirina was increasing with increasing initial concentration and temperature, it decreased with an increase in pH. Moreover, commercial activated carbon (CAC) was also used to compare with the pirina in removing the RBBR. The maximum amounts of the RBBR removed by the pirina and the CAC were 23.63 and 199.45 mg g⁻¹per unit mass of the adsorbents, and the removal efficiencies of them were found as 94.52 and 99.72 %, respectively. Ionic strength in the presence of NaCl and KCl had also a reducing effect on the removal efficiency. The adsorption isotherm was in the best harmony with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The adsorption kinetic obeyed the pseudo-second-order and the intra-particle diffusion models. The values of the r²from the pseudo-second-order kinetic and intra-particle diffusion were between 0.984–0.999 and 0.85–0.996, respectively. From thermodynamic studies, it was seen that the adsorption was of spontaneous and endothermic nature. The values of ΔG° of the adsorption were between −3,218 and −8,867 J mol⁻¹. The values of ΔH° and ΔS° were 50,134 J mol⁻¹and 179 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, SEM and FT-IR studies were also performed.

This study evaluated the protective potentials of Moringa oleifera leaf alcoholic extract (MOLE) against bisphenol A (BPA)-induced stomach ulceration and inflammation in rats. Control rats received olive oil. Second group administered MOLE (200 mg/kg bwt) by oral gavage. Third group was given BPA (50 mg/ kg bwt) for 4 weeks. Fourth group administrated BPA and MOLE simultaneously. Fifth group was given MOLE for 4 weeks then administered BPA and MOLE for another 4 weeks. Bisphenol A induced gastric ulceration and decreased the volume of gastric juice, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reduced glutathione (GSH) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein in stomach tissues, while increased the titratable acidity, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) contents, and caspase-3 and NF‑κB proteins in stomach tissue. However, MOLE ameliorated BPA-induced gastric ulceration and significantly increased the volume of gastric juice, PGE2, GSH and IL-10 contents, SOD activity, and PCNA protein while significantly decreased titratable acidity, MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 contents, and of NF‑κB and caspase-3 proteins in gastric tissue. This study indicated that MOLE protected stomach against BPA-induced gastric injury via its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

The current study was designed to assess the in vivo hepatoprotective properties of trans-Anethole, which is a principal aromatic component of star anise. The hepatoprotective effects of trans-Anethole were evaluated at three doses [40, 80, and 160 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.)] against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic damage in male Wistar rats for 4 weeks. Forty-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into seven groups; the control (group I) received only distilled water. Rats of group II received CCl₄ (1 ml/kg b.wt.) in a 1:1 ratio of CCl₄ and olive oil via intraperitoneal doses, while rats of group III received silymarin (50 mg/kg b.wt.), followed by CCl₄ intraperitoneal doses, 3 days in a week. Rats of group IV received trans-anethole (160 mg/kg b.wt.) for 28 days as a negative control. Trans-anethole at the doses of 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg b.wt. was administered to groups V, VI, and VII, respectively, for 28 days, followed by CCl₄ (i.p). Results showed that CCl₄ treatment (group II) elevated the levels of different serum markers like aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 4.74 fold, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 3.47 fold, aspartate alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 3.55 fold, direct bilirubin by 3.48 fold, and total bilirubin by 2.38 fold in contrast to control. Furthermore, it was found that the decreased levels of liver antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were significantly modulated by the pre-administration of rats with different doses (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg b.wt.) of trans-anethole. Furthermore, pre-treatment of trans-anethole reduced the level of phase I enzymes and elevated the level of phase II detoxifying enzymes. Histopathological investigations showed that the treatment with trans-anethole was effective in ameliorating CCl₄-induced liver injury and restored the normal hepatic architecture. Moreover, trans-anethole restored p53 and cyclin D levels in liver tissue relative to group II. Western blot analysis revealed that the trans-anethole treatment downregulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3 while upregulated the expression of Bcl-xL. Collectively, the findings of the study showed the strong efficacy of trans-anethole in ameliorating the hepatic damage caused by CCl₄ through the modulation of antioxidants and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.