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Phosphorus fractionation related to environmental risks resulting from intensive vegetable cropping and fertilization in a subtropical region Полный текст
2021
Zhang, Wei | Zhang, Yuwen | An, Yuli | Chen, Xinping
Overuse of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and the resulting soil P accumulation in vegetable production increases the risk of P runoff and leaching. However, P transformations under continuous fertilization and their effects on environmental risk are unclear. The current study examined the effects of long-term P fertilizer application on P fractions in different soil layers, and assessed the correlations between P fractions and environmental risks in intensive vegetable production in a subtropical region. A total of 32 fields were studied, including 8 uncultivated fields and 24 fields continuously used for vegetable production for 1–3, 4–9, or 10–15 years. The results showed that excessive P fertilizer input caused soil P surpluses ranging from 204.6 to 252.4 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Compared to uncultivated fields, vegetable fields contained higher levels of labile P, moderately labile P, sparingly labile P, and non-labile P. The combined percentage of labile P and moderately labile P increased from 55.2% in fields cultivated for 0–3 year to 65.5% in fields cultivated for 10–15 years. The concentrations of soil P fractions were higher at 0–20 cm soil depth than at 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil depth. Soil available P was positively correlated with all soil P fractions except diluted HCl-Pᵢ or concentrated HCl-Pₒ. Long-term vegetable production increased CaCl₂–P downward movement, which was positively correlated with levels of labile and moderately labile P. The P index indicated a high risk of P losses from the vegetable fields. The P index was on average 3.27-fold higher in the vegetable fields than in uncultivated fields, and was significantly correlated with soil available P and organic and inorganic P fertilizer input. The environmental risk caused by P in vegetable production should be reduced by reducing P fertilizer input so as to maintain soil available P within an optimal range for vegetable production.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Intensive vegetable production results in high nitrate accumulation in deep soil profiles in China Полный текст
2021
Bai, Xinlu | Jiang, Yun | Miao, Hongzhi | Xue, Shaoqi | Chen, Zhujun | Zhou, Jianbin
A comprehensive understanding of the patterns and controlling factors of nitrate accumulation in intensive vegetable production is essential to solve this problem. For the first time, the national patterns and controlling factors of nitrate accumulation in soil of vegetable systems in China were analysed by compiling 1262 observations from 117 published articles. The results revealed that the nitrate accumulation at 0–100 cm, 100–200 cm, 200–300 cm, and >300 cm were 504, 390, 349, and 244 kg N ha⁻¹, with accumulation rates of 62, 54, 19, and 16 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for plastic greenhouse vegetables (PG); for open field vegetables (OF), they were 264, 217, 228, and 242 kg N ha⁻¹ with accumulation rates of 26, 24, 18, and 10 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. Nitrate accumulation at 0–100 cm, 0–200 cm, and 0–400 cm accounted for 5%, 11%, and 17% of accumulated nitrogen (N) inputs for PG, and represented 4%, 9%, and 13% of accumulated N inputs for OF. Nitrogen input rates and soil pH had positive effects and soil organic carbon, water input rate, and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) had negative effects on nitrate accumulation in root zone (0–100 cm soil). Nitrate accumulation in deep vadose zone (>100 cm soil) was positively correlated with N and water input rates, and was negatively correlated with soil organic carbon, C/N, and the clay content. Thus, for a given vegetable soil with relatively stable soil pH and soil clay content, reducing N and water inputs, and increasing soil organic carbon and C/N are effective measures to control nitrate accumulation.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Dechlorane plus in greenhouse and conventional vegetables: Uptake, translocation, dissipation and human dietary exposure Полный текст
2019
Sun, Jianqiang | Wu, Yihua | Tao, Ninger | Lv, Li | Yu, Xiaoyan | Zhang, Anping | Qi, Hong
In an attempt to evaluate the behavior of Dechlorane plus (DP) in soil-vegetable systems, this work investigated the uptake and translocation of DP by vegetables and the dissipation of DP in soil under greenhouse and conventional conditions. To address human dietary exposure to DP, estimated dietary intake via vegetable consumption was calculated. The uptake potential indexes of DP from soil into root for tomato and cucumber cultivated under different conditions ranged from 0.089 to 0.71. The ranges of uptake potential indexes of DP from resuspended soil particles into stem, leaf and fruit were 0.68–0.78, 0.27–0.42 and 0.39–0.75, respectively. The uptake potential indexes in greenhouse vegetables were generally higher than those in conventional vegetables when the vegetables had been planted in contaminated soil, indicating that greenhouse enhanced the uptake of DP with a high soil concentration by vegetables. The translocation factor (TF) values of DP in vegetables were in the range of 0.022–0.17, indicating that DP can be transported from root to fruit even though it has a high octanol water partition coefficient (KOW). The half-lives of DP dissipation in soil ranged from 70 to 102 days. The dissipation of DP in greenhouse soil was slightly slower than that in conventional soil. Higher estimated dietary intake (EDI) values of DP via greenhouse vegetables were observed due to the higher concentration of DP in greenhouse vegetables than conventional vegetables. These results suggested that greenhouses should not be adopted for vegetable production in contaminated regions.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Nitrous oxide emissions in Chinese vegetable systems: A meta-analysis Полный текст
2018
Wang, Xiaozhong | Zou, Chunqin | Gao, Xiaopeng | Guan, Xilin | Zhang, Wushuai | Zhang, Yueqiang | Shi, Xiaojun | Chen, Xinping
China accounts for more than half of the world's vegetable production, and identifying the contribution of vegetable production to nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in China is therefore important. We performed a meta-analysis that included 153 field measurements of N₂O emissions from 21 field studies in China. Our goal was to quantify N₂O emissions and fertilizer nitrogen (N) based-emission factors (EFs) in Chinese vegetable systems and to clarify the effects of rates and types of N fertilizer in both open-field and greenhouse systems. The results indicated that the intensive vegetable systems in China had an average N₂O emission of 3.91 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ and an EF of 0.69%. Although the EF was lower than the IPCC default value of 1.0%, the average N₂O emission was generally greater than in other cropping systems due to greater input of N fertilizers. The EFs were similar in greenhouse vs. open-field systems but N₂O emissions were about 1.4 times greater in greenhouses. The EFs were not affected by N rate, but N₂O emissions for both open-field and greenhouse systems increased with N rate. The total and fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions, as well as EFs, were unaffected by the type of fertilizers in greenhouse system under same N rates. In addition to providing basic information about N₂O emissions from Chinese vegetable systems, the results suggest that N₂O emissions could be reduced without reducing yields by treating vegetable systems in China with a combination of synthetic N fertilizer and manure at optimized economic rates.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Soil threshold values for cadmium based on paired soil-vegetable content analyses of greenhouse vegetable production systems in China: Implications for safe food production Полный текст
2018
Hu, Wenyou | Huang, Biao | Borggaard, Ole K. | Ye, Mao | Tian, Kang | Zhang, Haidong | Holm, Peter E.
Greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) is the major type of vegetable production in China. However, dietary exposure of heavy metals through vegetable consumption has been identified as a potential risk to human health. To ensure safety of vegetables, soil threshold values (STVs) of cadmium (Cd) in GVP systems were assessed based on analysis of soil-vegetable Cd contents in relation to human health risk. Contents of Cd were determined in 324 sampled soil-vegetable pairs from five GVP systems in three Chinese provinces. Soil Cd contents ranged from 0.07 to 1.32 mg kg−1, with 17.9% of sampled soils exceeding current Chinese threshold values. Vegetable Cd contents ranged from 0.0003 to 0.546 mg kg−1, with 8.6% exceeding permissible maxima. Vegetable type and soil pH significantly affected Cd transfer from soil to vegetable with lower transfer at neutral (6.5 < pH ≤ 7.5) to alkaline (pH > 7.5) soils and uptake decreasing in the order: Leafy > rootstalk > fruit. Consequently, both soil pH and vegetable type should be taken into consideration as suggested when revising current STVs for Cd in GVP systems in order to capture the health risk correctly and ensure safe vegetable consumption.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film Полный текст
2013
Wang, Jun | Luo, Yongming | Teng, Ying | Ma, Wenting | Christie, Peter | Li, Zhengao
The concentrations of six priority phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in intensively managed suburban vegetable soils in Nanjing, east China, were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total PAE concentrations in the soils ranged widely from 0.15 to 9.68 mg kg−1 with a median value of 1.70 mg kg−1, and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were the most abundant phthalate esters. Soil PAE concentrations depended on the mode of use of plastic film in which PAEs were incorporated as plasticizing agents and both the plastic film and poultry manure appeared to be important sources of soil PAEs. Vegetables in rotation with flooded rice led to lower concentrations of PAEs in soil. The results indicate that agricultural plastic film can be an important source of soil PAE contamination and further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PAE contamination of intensive agricultural soils with different use modes of use of plastic film.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Quantification of net carbon flux from plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation: A full carbon cycle analysis Полный текст
2011
Wang, Yan | Xu, Hao | Wu, Xu | Zhu, Yimei | Gu, Baojing | Niu, Xiaoyin | Liu, Anqin | Peng, Changhui | Ge, Ying | Chang, Jie
Plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) has played a vital role in increasing incomes of farmers and expanded dramatically in last several decades. However, carbon budget after conversion from conventional vegetable cultivation (CVC) to PGVC has been poorly quantified. A full carbon cycle analysis was used to estimate the net carbon flux from PGVC systems based on the combination of data from both field observations and literatures. Carbon fixation was evaluated at two pre-selected locations in China. Results suggest that: (1) the carbon sink of PGVC is 1.21 and 1.23 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for temperate and subtropical area, respectively; (2) the conversion from CVC to PGVC could substantially enhance carbon sink potential by 8.6 times in the temperate area and by 1.3 times in the subtropical area; (3) the expansion of PGVC usage could enhance the potential carbon sink of arable land in China overall.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Influence of humic acid structure on the accumulation of oxyfluorfen in tropical soils of mountain agroecosystems Полный текст
2021
Barbosa, Daniele Rodrigues | García, Andrés Calderín | da Costa Barros de Souza, Camila | Amaral Sobrinho, Nelson Moura Brasil do
Herbicide application is a practice commonly used in agricultural systems because it is an efficient method of weed control. An inherent characteristic of some herbicides used in mountain agriculture, such as oxyfluorfen, is high adsorption to soil organic matter (SOM). Thus, intensive management that changes the quantity and quality of SOM, such as soil tillage and the massive application of organic fertilizers such as poultry litter, may favor soil contamination by this herbicide and alter its dynamics in the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the structures of humic substances (HSs) in the soil of forest areas and areas with intensive production of vegetables, relating them to the accumulation of the herbicide oxyfluorfen in tropical mountain agroecosystems. Organic carbon content was quantified in HSs, humic acid (HAs) were structurally characterized by CP/MAS ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, and the oxyfluorfen molecule was detected and quantified using the QuEChERS residue detection method with subsequent analysis by LC-MS/MS. Oxyfluorfen was not detected in the forest areas, but it was detected in the vegetable growing areas at points with the lowest slope and high contents of organic matter and clay, with values of up to 0.13 mg kg⁻¹. The intensification in the SOM mineralization process, promoted by the intensive management adopted in the vegetable growing areas, resulted in a 16.46% reduction in COT, a 58.84% reduction in the carbon content in the form of SH and a reduction in the structures that give recalcitrance to the HA molecule (CAₗₖyₗ-H,R, CCOO–H,R, CAᵣₒₘₐₜᵢc-H,R, and CAᵣₒₘₐₜᵢc-O) when compared to those values in the forest area, presenting HAs with more aliphatic and labile properties. Thus, due to the structural characteristics of the HAs in the vegetable production areas, the herbicide oxyfluorfen showed a close relationship with the more aliphatic oxygenated structures, namely, CAₗₖyₗ-O,N, CAₗₖyₗ-O and CAₗₖyₗ-di-O.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Dissemination of blaNDM-5 via IncX3 plasmids in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among humans and in the environment in an intensive vegetable cultivation area in eastern China Полный текст
2021
Zhao, Qian | Berglund, Björn | Zou, Huiyun | Zhou, Ziyu | Xia, Huiyu | Zhao, Ling | Nilsson, Lennart E. | Li, Xuewen
The environment of a large-scale vegetable production area can be exposed to antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) via animal manure and irrigation with contaminated water, which can facilitate the dissemination of ARB. However, the occurrence of ARB in plantation areas and their dissemination in this environment remain largely unexplored. In total, 382 samples including those from vegetable (n = 106), soil (n = 87), well water (n = 24), river water (n = 20), river sediments (n = 20), farmer feces (n = 58) and farmer hands (n = 67) were collected in 2019 from a large-scale cultivation area in Shandong, China. Selective agar plates were used to screen for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and whole-genome sequencing and Southern blotting were used to characterise isolates and mobile genetic elements carrying carbapenem resistance determinants. A total of nine NDM-5-producing isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Citrobacter spp. were identified from environmental sources and human feces, all of which were multidrug-resistant. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis suggested clonal transmission of carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter sedlakii within greenhouse soils in the area. Eight of the isolates carried closely related or identical IncX3 plasmids carrying blaNDM₋₅, which were shown to be conjugative via filter mating experiments, indicating the highly transmissible nature of this genetic element. Isolates of E. coli and Citrobacter freundii were detected in the feces of local farm workers and contained similar IncX3 plasmids with blaNDM₋₅ environmental isolates, suggesting a potential risk of CRE transfer from the work environment to the farm workers. Thus, further research is required to investigate the potential health risks associated with environmental exposure to CRE in vegetable cultivation areas.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Global greenhouse vegetable production systems are hotspots of soil N2O emissions and nitrogen leaching: A meta-analysis Полный текст
2021
Qasim, Waqas | Xia, Longlong | Lin, Shan | Wan, Li | Zhao, Yiming | Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus
Vegetable production in greenhouses is often associated with the use of excessive amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, low NUE (15–35%), and high N losses along gaseous and hydrological pathways. In this meta-analysis, we assess the effects of application rate, fertilizer type, irrigation, and soil properties on soil N₂O emissions and nitrogen leaching from greenhouse vegetable systems on the basis of 75 studies. Mean ± standard error (SE) N₂O emissions from unfertilized control plots (N₂Ocₒₙₜᵣₒₗ) and N leaching (NLcₒₙₜᵣₒₗ) of greenhouse vegetable systems were 3.2 ± 0.4 and 91 ± 20 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively, indicating legacy effects due to fertilization in preceding crop seasons. Soil organic carbon concentrations (SOC) and irrigation were significantly positively correlated with NLcₒₙₜᵣₒₗ losses, while other soil properties did not significantly affect N₂Ocₒₙₜᵣₒₗ or NLcₒₙₜᵣₒₗ. The annual mean soil N₂O emission from fertilized greenhouse vegetable systems was 12.0 ± 1.0 kg N₂O–N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (global: 0.067 Tg N₂O–N yr⁻¹), with N₂O emissions increasing exponentially with fertilization. The mean EFN₂O was 0.85%. The mean annual nitrogen leaching (NL) was 297 ± 22 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (global: 1.66 Tg N yr⁻¹), with fertilization, irrigation, and SOC explaining 65% of the observed variation. The mean leaching factor across all fertilizer types was 11.9%, but 18.7% for chemical fertilizer. Crop NUE was highest, while N₂O emissions and N leaching were lowest, at fertilizer rates <500 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Yield-scaled N₂O emissions (0.05 ± 0.01 kg N₂O–N Mg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and nitrogen leaching (0.79 ± 0.08 kg N Mg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) were lowest at fertilizer rates <1000 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Vegetables are increasingly produced in greenhouses, often under management schemes of extreme fertilization (>1500 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and irrigation (>1200 mm yr⁻¹). Our study indicates that high environmental N₂O and N leaching losses can be mitigated by reducing fertilization rates to 500–1000 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean: ∼762 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) without jeopardizing yields.
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