Phthalate ester (PAE) pollution is an increasing problem globally. Paracoccus kondratievae BJQ0001 was isolated from the fermentation starter of Baijiu and showed an efficient degradation capability toward PAEs. To our poor knowledge, this is the first report of a P. kondratievae strain capable of degrading PAEs. The first complete genome sequence of P. kondratievae was presented without gaps, and composed of two circular chromosomes and one plasmid. The species simultaneously degraded di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), with DMP and DEP as the preferred substrates. The half-life (t₁/₂) of DMP was only 6.34 h with an initial concentration of 200 mg/L. Combined with gene annotation and metabolic intermediate analysis, a metabolic pathway was proposed for the species. Benzoic acid, the intermediate of anaerobic PAE metabolism, was identified in the aerobic degradation process. Two key enzymes for alkyl ester bond hydrolysis were obtained, and belonged to families IV and VI of hydrolases, respectively. These results will promote the investigation of PAE degradation by P. kondratievae, and provide useful information for improving the quality control of food and environmental PAE treatment.

Microplastics pollution in the environment is closely determined by the surrounding industrial and human activities. In present study, we investigated microplastics in water and sediment samples collected from a textile industrial area in Shaoxing city, China. The abundance of microplastics varied from 2.1 to 71.0 items/L in surface water samples, and from 16.7 to 1323.3 items/kg (dw) in sediment samples. The polymer type was dominated by polyester both in water (95%) and sediment (79%) samples. The majority of the detected microplastics was predominantly colored fibers smaller than 1 mm in diameter. The high level of microplastic pollution detected in local freshwater and sediment environments was attributed to the production and trading activities of textile industries, for which severe regulations should be envisaged in the future to effectively reduce the local microplastic pollution.

The presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analysed in air particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM₂.₅) and ≤10 μm (PM₁₀) collected in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley (MZMV), during 2013 and 2014, respectively. Spatial and seasonal distributions of PM and their organic content named solvent extracted organic matter (SEOM) were determined. PM mass concentration and SEOM/PM ratios were compared with previous studies in 2006 in Mexico City. PM₂.₅ concentration was like found in 2006, however, PM₁₀ decreased ∼43%. The SEOM/PM₁₀ ratio was kept constant, suggesting a decrease in SEOM as well as PM₁₀ emitted from natural sources, probably as a result of changes in the land use due to urban growth. A decrease ∼50% SEOM/PM₂.₅ ratio was observed in the same period, linked to adequate strategies and public policies applied by the local and federal governments to control the organic matter emitted from anthropogenic sources.Seven out of sixteen OCPs and five out of six PBDEs were found. The most common POPs were endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, BDE-47 and BDE-99, present on >90% of the sampling days. OCPs in PM₂.₅ and PBDEs in PM₁₀ showed seasonal variability. Higher PBDEs concentration in both particle sizes were observed at east and southeast of the MZMV, where one of the biggest landfills and wastewater treatment plants are located. OCPs in PM₁₀ were mainly emitted from agricultural areas located to the southwest, southeast and east of the MZMV. OCPs in PM₂.₅ showed a regional contribution from the north and introduced into the valley. OCP degradation products were dominant over native OCPs, indicating no fresh OCP use. POPs comparison with other cities was made. Agreements and commissions created by the Mexican government reduced OCPs emissions, however, more effort must be made to control PBDE emission sources.

There is little information about the residue levels and congener composition of organic contaminants (OCs) in cetaceans. In the present study, we investigated the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the blubber, blood, brain and testes of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) stranded in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China. The lowest blubber/tissue partition coefficients were found for sum hexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCHs) and ΣPAHs, while the highest were in ΣPCBs and sum dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (ΣDDTs), likely attributing to the octanol-water partition features. The low levels of OCs in brain and testes theoretically resulted from the blood-brain barrier, blood-testes barrier, contaminant molecule dimensions and unique lipid compositions in the brain and testes. Compared with other contaminants, the higher mean brain/blood and testes/blood partition coefficients found for mirex, heptachlor, dieldrin and endrin would increase the risks associated with exposure-related toxicity and the bioavailability of contaminants within these tissues. Observations also suggest that as lipid mobilizes from blubber, contaminants may redistribute, leading to elevated tissue (such as brain) concentrations. Therefore, dolphins with less blubber may be more susceptible to health risks. The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins living in PRE are at great risk due to variety of OCs in indirect contact with non-target organisms, affecting the health of animals (toxic effects and accumulation). Our findings contribute to the knowledge of the potential effects of OCs exposure on developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive damage in marine mammals.

The stability of community functioning in anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) sludge adaptation to various salinity changes are concerned but not fully explored. In this study, two anammox reactors were designed in response to different salt levels and salt-adding methods. The reactor PI, run with small stepwise salt increments (0.5%–1.0%), removed >90% of nitrite and ammonium in the influent over the range of 0%–4% salt. By contrast, the reactor SI, run with a sharp salt increment (>2.5%), exhibited a reduced performance (by up to 44%) over the same salt range with a new steady state. The observed resilience times after salt perturbations indicated that the PI reactor recovered substantially and rapidly at all imposed salt levels. Principal coordinates analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences revealed that bacterial community structures of the anammox sludge altered conspicuously in response to the salinity changes. However, quantitative PCR analysis showed that the shift in copy number of studied nitrogen-converting genes encoding hydrazine synthase (hzsA), bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenases (amoA), nitrite oxidoreductase (nxrB), nitrite reductase (nirK), and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) was not significant (p > 0.05) in anammox sludge across the salt levels of 0.5%–4%, which suggests the stability of microbial community functioning in the osmoadaptation processes. The freshwater anammox Ca. Kuenenia showed high osmoadaptation by potentially adopting both high-salt-in and low-salt-in strategies to dominate in both reactors. The quantitative transcript analysis showed that the active anammox bacteria represented by hzsA transcripts in the SI reactor were approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those in the PI reactor during the long-term exposure to 4% salinity, manifesting the influence by the salt-increasing methods. These results provided new insight into osmo-adaptation of the anammox microbiome and will be useful for managing salinity effects on nitrogen removal processes.

Pollution of coastal and marine environments by mismanaged anthropogenic debris is a global threat requiring complex, multilateral solutions and mitigation strategies. International efforts to catalogue and quantify the density, extent and nature of mismanaged waste have not yet assessed the heterogeneity of debris between nearby areas. Better understanding of how debris types and density can be used as a proxy between regions and between land and seafloor habitats at a global scale can aid in developing cost effective and representative debris monitoring systems. Using volunteer collected clean-up and survey data, we compared the proportion and density of both total debris and specific items across 19,428 coastal land and seafloor sites from International Coastal Cleanups and Dive Against Debris surveys, from 86 countries between 2011 and 2018. We show that although some items common on land are also common on the seafloor, there is an overall global mismatch between debris types and densities on land and the seafloor from nearby areas. Correlations in land/seafloor debris type/density occurred primarily for items which entangle and/or sink, including fishing line, plastic bags, glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Minimal similarity between land and seafloor surveys occurs for items which float or degrade. We suggest that to accurately evaluate local debris density, land and seafloor surveys are required to gain a holistic understanding. When detailed information on debris type, relative concentration, and likely source and transport are assessed, more cost effective and efficient policy interventions can be designed and implemented from local through to global scales.

This study investigated the seasonal characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed wastewater (RW) with a special focus on dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) from two full-scale municipal wastewater reclamation plants (WRPs) where the produced RW was used to augment urban rivers. Results showed that the concentrations of DON in RW ranged from 0.32 mg/L to 1.21 mg/L. A higher seasonal mean value of DON in RW from both of the WRPs was observed in winter (p < 0.05, ANOVA). DON chemical characteristics analysis, including ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and ultrafiltration fractionation, showed that DON in RW exhibits more lability during winter than during the other three seasons. This finding was also supported by the results of an algal bioassay experiment, in which DON bioavailabilities were 63.7 ± 3.0%, 53.0 ± 5.3%, 49.5 ± 0.5%, and 49.8 ± 0.2% for WRP-A and were 60.8 ± 2.4%, 43.7 ± 2.2%, 41.2 ± 1.7%, and 43.1 ± 1.1% for WRP-B in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Accordingly, DON in RW during winter is more prone to stimulate natural algae and microorganisms, which gives rise to eutrophication in urban rivers. At the molecular level, the seasonal changes in DON are not coupled with those of DOC, which highlights the necessity of DON measurement to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the seasonal characteristics of DOM in RW and its effect on wastewater reuse in urban rivers.

Vehicular non-exhaust emissions account for a significant share of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution, but few studies have successfully quantified the contribution of non-exhaust emissions via real-world measurements. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study combining tunnel measurements, laboratory dynamometer and resuspension experiments, and chemical mass balance modeling to obtain source profiles, real-world emission factors (EFs), and inventories of vehicular non-exhaust PM emissions in Chinese megacities. The average vehicular PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ EFs measured in the four tunnels in four megacities (i.e., Beijing, Tianjin, Zhengzhou, and Qingdao) range from 8.8 to 16.0 mg km⁻¹ veh⁻¹ and from 37.4 to 63.9 mg km⁻¹ veh⁻¹, respectively. A two-step source apportionment is performed with the information of key tracers and localized profiles of each exhaust and non-exhaust source. Results show that the reconstructed PM₁₀ emissions embody 51–64% soil and cement dust, 26–40% tailpipe exhaust, 7–9% tire wear, and 1–3% brake wear, while PM₂.₅ emissions are mainly composed of 59–80% tailpipe exhaust, 11–31% soil and cement dust, 4–10% tire wear, and 1–5% brake wear. Fleet composition, road gradient, and pavement roughness are essential factors in determining on-road non-exhaust emissions. Based on the EFs and the results of source apportionment, we estimate that the road dust, tire wear, and brake wear emit 8.1, 2.5, and 0.8 Gg year⁻¹ PM₂.₅ in China, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of non-exhaust emissions in China, which is essential to assess their impacts on air quality, human health, and climate and formulating effective controlling measures.

Large amounts of non-biodegradable plastics are currently deposited on beach-dune systems, and biodegradable plastics could enter these already declining habitats in coming years. Yet, the impacts of plastics on vegetative recruitment, a plant strategy playing a key role in dune stabilization, are unknown. Whether these pollutants interact with increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, a major global driver of plant biodiversity loss, in affecting plant communities of such nutrient-poor habitats, and how plant-plant interactions mediate their effects need to be explored. In a one-year field experiments, we examined individual and combined effects of plastic (non-biodegradable, biodegradable), N deposition (ambient, elevated) and biotic condition (no interaction, interaction with a conspecific or with a hetero-specific) on the colonization success and growth of vegetative propagules of dune plants. Thinopyrum junceum and Sporobolus pumilus were chosen as models because they co-occur along Mediterranean dunes and differ in ecological role (dune- vs. non dune-building) and photosynthetic pathway (C3 vs. C4). For both species, survival probability was reduced by non-biodegradable plastic and elevated N by up to 100%. Thinopyrum junceum survival was also reduced by S. pumilus presence. Elevated N and biodegradable plastic reduced T. junceum shoot biomass when grown alone and with a conspecific, respectively; these factors in combination mitigated their negative individual effects on root biomass. Biodegradable plastic increased S. pumilus shoot and root biomass, and in combination with elevated N caused a greater biomass investment in belowground (root plus rhizome) than aboveground organs. Non-biodegradable plastic may be a further threat to dune habitats by reducing plant colonization. Biodegradable plastic and increased N deposition could favour the generalist S. pumilus and hinder the dune-building T. junceum. These findings highlight the urgency of implementing measures for preventing plastic deposition on beaches and reducing N input.

Ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs: particles of diameter less than 100 nm) cause significant adverse health effects. As people spend most time indoors, the outdoor-to-indoor transport of UFPs plays a critical role in the accuracy of personal exposure assessments. Herein, a strategy was proposed to measure and analyze the infiltration factor (Fᵢₙf) of UFPs, an important parameter quantifying the fraction of ambient air pollutants that travel inside and remain suspended indoors. Ninety-three measurements were conducted in 11 residential rooms in all seasons in Beijing, China, to investigate Fᵢₙf of UFPs and its associated influencing factors. A multilevel regression model incorporating eight possible factors that influence infiltration was developed to predict Fᵢₙf and FᵢₙfSOA (defined as the ratio of indoor to outdoor UFP concentrations without indoor sources, but with indoor secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation). It was found that the air change rate was the most important factor and coagulation was considerable, while the influence of SOA formation was much smaller than that of other factors. Our regression model accurately predicted daily-average Fᵢₙf. The annually-averaged Fᵢₙf of UFPs was 0.66 ± 0.10, which is higher than that of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀, demonstrating the importance of controlling indoor UFPs of outdoor origin.