Quantifying methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy fields is essential for evaluating the environmental risks of the paddy rice production system, and improving the accuracy of CH₄ modeling is a key issue that needs to be addressed. Based on a database containing 835 field measurements, both single national and region-specific models were established to estimate CH₄ emissions from paddy fields considering different environmental factors and management patterns using 70% of the measurements. The remaining 30% of the measurements were then used for model evaluation. The performance of the region-specific model was better than that of the single national model. The region-specific model could simulate CH₄ emissions in an unbiased manner with R² values of 0.15–0.70 and efficiency values of 11–60%. The paddy rice type, water regime, organic amendment, latitude, and soil characteristics (pH and bulk density) were identified as the main drivers in the models. By inputting the high-resolution spatial data of these drivers into the established model, the CH₄ emissions from China’s paddy fields were estimated to be 4.75 Tg in 2015, with a 95% confidence interval of 4.19–5.61 Tg. The results indicated that establishing and driving a region-specific model with high-resolution data can improve the estimation accuracy of CH₄ emissions from paddy fields.

Conducting studies on sharp particulate matter (PM) gradients in Asian residential communities is difficult due to their complex building arrangements and various emission sources, particularly road traffic. In this study, a synthetic methodology, combining numerical simulations and minor field observations, was set up to investigate the dispersion of traffic-related PM in a typical Asian residential community and its contribution to PM exposure. A Lagrangian particle model (GRAL) was applied to estimate the spatiotemporal variation of the traffic-related PM increments within the community. A detailed topography dataset with 5 m horizontal resolution was used to simulate a micro-scale flow field. The model performance was comprehensively validated using both in-situ and mobile observations. The coefficient of determination (R²) of the simulated vs. observed PM₂.₅ reached 0.81 by an artery road, and 0.85 in alleys without significant road traffic. The maximum increments of kerbside PM exposure concentration contributed by road traffic during rush hour were found to be 38% (PM₁₀) and 40% (PM₂.₅). This synthetic method was used to assess the impact of synoptic wind and canyon orientation on residents’ PM₂.₅ exposure related to traffic exhaust. Perfect exponential decay curves of traffic-related PM₂.₅ were found within canyons. The decrease of road-traffic PM₂.₅ on five different floor levels, compared with that on kerbside levels, ranged between 42% and 100%. The results demonstrated that in complex Asian communities, Lagrangian particle models such as GRAL can simulate the spatial distribution of PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ and assess the residents’ outdoor exposure.

Penicillin fermentation dreg (PFD) is a solid waste discharged by pharmaceutical enterprises in the fermentation production process. Due to the residual antibiotic of PFD, the risk of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) generation should be considered in the disposal process. High-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to investigate the effect of PFD on the dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial community during a lab-scale soil experiment. After the application of PFD, the bacterial number and diversity showed an obvious decrease in the initial days. The abundances of Streptomyces and Bacillus, which are the most widespread predicted source phyla of ARGs, increased remarkably from 4.42% to 2.59%–22.97% and 21.35%. The increase of ARGs was observed during the PFD application and the ARGs carried by PFD itself contributed to the initiation of soil ARGs. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) show that the shift in bacterial community induced by variation of penicillin content is the primary driver shaping ARGs compositions.

Excess fluoride concentration in drinking water is a global issue, as this has an adverse effect on human health. Several adsorbents have been synthesized from natural raw material to remove fluoride from water. Reported adsorbents have some problems with the leaching of metal ions, fewer adsorption sites, and low adsorption capacity. Therefore, to address this, an effective biomaterial derived from the Luffa cylindrica (LC), containing many active sites, was integrated with a nano form of cerium oxide to form a robust, biocompatible, highly porous, and reusable LC–Ce adsorbent. This synthesized biosorbent offers better interaction between the active sites of LC–Ce and fluoride, resulting in higher adsorption capacity. Several factors, influence the adsorption process, were studied by a central composite design (CCD) model of statistical analysis. Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s models well describe the adsorption and kinetics governed by the pseudo–second–order model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 212 and 52.63 mg/g for LC–Ce and LC, respectively determined by the Langmuir model. Detailed XPS and FTIR analyses revealed the underlying mechanism of fluoride adsorption via ion-exchange, electrostatic interaction, H–bonding, and ion-pair formation. All the results indicate that LC–Ce could serve as a suitable adsorbent for efficient fluoride removal (80–85%).

The Mediterranean basin is a hotspot of mercury (Hg) contamination owing to intense anthropogenic emissions, volcanic activity and oligotrophic conditions. Little work has been done to assess the sources of Hg exposure for seabirds and, particularly, the physiological consequences of Hg bioaccumulation. In this study, we (i) describe the individual and temporal variation in blood concentration of total Hg (THg) over three breeding seasons, (ii) identify the factors that affect the THg exposure and (iii) determine the individual- and population-level connections between THg and blood-based markers of oxidative status in chicks of Scopoli’s shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) breeding on the island of Linosa in the southern Mediterranean. We carried out the work on chicks near fledging because they are fed with prey captured near the colony, thus their Hg levels reflect local contamination. The concentration of THg in erythrocytes varied from 0.23 to 4.29 μg g⁻¹ dw. Chicks that were fed upon higher trophic level prey (i.e., higher δ¹⁵N values) had higher THg levels. Individual variation in THg concentrations was not explained by parental identity, sex nor δ¹³C values. There was significant variation in THg among chicks born from the same mother in different years. We found significant correlations between THg and markers of oxidative status; however, these correlations were no longer significant when we took into account the annual variation in mean values of all metrics. Males with higher values of body condition index had higher blood THg, while THg and body condition index were not correlated in females. Our data indicate that THg levels were moderate to high if compared to other seabirds. However, there is little evidence for harmful short-term detrimental effects owing to THg exposure.

Periphyton plays a significant role in heavy metal transfer in wetlands, but its contribution to cadmium (Cd) bioavailability in paddy fields remains largely unexplored. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of periphyton on Cd behavior in paddy fields. Periphyton significantly decreased Cd concentrations in paddy waters. Non-invasive micro-test technology analyses indicated that periphyton can absorb Cd from water with a maximum Cd²⁺ influx rate of 394 pmol cm⁻² s⁻¹ and periphyton intrusion significantly increased soil Cd concentrations. However, soil Cd bioavailability declined significantly due to soil pH increase and soil redox potential (Eh) decrease induced by periphyton. With periphyton, more Cd was adsorbed and immobilized on organic matter, carbonates, and iron and manganese oxides in soil. Consequently, Cd content in rice decreased significantly. These findings give insights into Cd biogeochemistry in paddy fields with periphyton, and may provide a novel strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in rice.

Hard coal is the predominant energy source in Poland. The unavoidable consequence of coal combustion is the production of huge amounts of ash which can be concentrated in radionuclides. The ashes from coal combustion are utilized or stored and may affect the quality of the environment. Therefore, the estimation of radionuclides in hard coal and by-products is of crucial importance. The analyzed samples included ashes produced in ash furnaces, power plants and individual home furnaces operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland, during the hard coal burning. This paper presents radioactivity concentrations of ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K in hard coal, bottom and fly ash samples from Polish coal-fired power plants obtained during various technological coal combustion processes and generated in individual domestic furnaces, determined using the HPGe gamma spectrometry technique. The measurements of ²³⁴,²³⁸U concentrations were performed after sample preparation using alpha-particle spectrometer. The concentrations of the obtained radionuclides differ greatly in the fly and bottom ash samples. The lowest concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, ²³⁴U, ²³⁸U were observed in bottom ashes from the co-firing of hard coal and biomass in a fluidized-bed furnace, whereas the highest concentrations of ²²⁶Ra (163 ± 6 Bq/kg), ²²⁸Ra (100 ± 2 Bq/kg) isotopes were found in the ashes from individual household furnaces. This means that both the feed coal type and combustion techniques have a direct impact on the concentration of radionuclides in ash. Hard coal silt samples may be enriched in radionuclides and the radioactive equilibrium between ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U even in the case of coal is not always achieved. The concentrations of the analyzed isotopes in ashes are 5-7-fold higher than in feed coal. Given that combustion by-products are utilized as construction products, it should be noted that for some ash samples, the radiological hazard indices approach or exceed the maximum permitted levels.

Nutrient loading is a major threat to estuaries and coastal environments worldwide, therefore, it is critical that we have good monitoring tools to detect early signs of degradation in these ecologically important and vulnerable ecosystems. Traditionally, bottom-dwelling macroinvertebrates have been used for ecological health assessment but recent advances in environmental genomics mean we can now characterize less visible forms of biodiversity, offering a more holistic view of the ecosystem and potentially providing early warning signals of disturbance. We carried out a manipulative nutrient enrichment experiment (0, 150 and 600 g N fertilizer m⁻²) in two estuaries in New Zealand to assess the effects of nutrient loading on benthic communities. After seven months of enrichment, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding was used to examine the response of eukaryotic (18S rRNA), diatom only (rbcL) and bacterial (16S rRNA) communities. Multivariate analyses demonstrated changes in eukaryotic, diatom and bacterial communities in response to nutrient enrichment at both sites, despite differing environmental conditions. These patterns aligned with changes in macrofaunal communities identified using traditional morphological techniques, confirming concordance between disturbance indicators detected by eDNA and current monitoring approaches. Clear shifts in eukaryotic and bacterial indicator taxa were seen in response to nutrient loading while changes in diatom only communities were more subtle. Community changes were discernible between 0 and 150 g N m⁻² treatments, suggesting that estuary health assessment tools could be developed to detect early signs of degradation. Increasing variation in community structure associated with nutrient loading could also be used as an indicator of stress or approaching tipping points. This work represents a first step towards the development of molecular-based estuary monitoring tools, which could provide a more holistic and standardized approach to ecosystem health assessment with faster turn-around times and lower costs.

In this study, coral soft tissue, skeleton and zooxanthellae, as well as their ambient sediment and seawater were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a special focus on perylene. Samples were collected from two different environments: the Kharg Island, which is affected by numerous anthropogenic stressors and Larak Island, which is mainly used for recreational and fishing activities and is characterized by dense vegetation. The heaviest loadings of PAHs were observed on Kharg Island, yet higher concentrations of perylene were detected on Larak Island and it was identified as the prevailing compound in this area. Pyrogenic perylene sources were prevailing on Kharg Island, whereas the perylene on Larak Island was determined to be of natural origin. After analyzing the biological samples, higher perylene concentrations were observed in zooxanthellae than in tissue and skeleton. The lowest and the highest perylene loadings were found in the tissue and skeleton of Platygyra daedalea and Porites lutea, respectively. This applies to both reefs. We found that perylene distribution in the corals and their ambient environment follows an irregular pattern, demonstrating remarkable effects from the local inputs. The lipid content in the coral tissue and the location of the coral colony were deduced to be the main factors affecting perylene distribution in corals. On Larak Island, a significant correlation between perylene loadings in sediment and corals was observed. On Kharg Island, a strong interaction between the water column and the corals was detected. The symbiotic relationship between the corals and zooxanthellae might play the most significant role in bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of perylene. Due to the insolubility of PAHs, they could be transferred through a food chain to zooxanthellae and eventually deposited in the coral bodies.

Parabens are alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, which is derived from a family of synthetic esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Among all the kinds of paraben, two parabens (methyl paraben, MP; and n-propyl paraben, PP) are the most generally used as preservatives in personal care products, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food also, and are often presented together. However, a number of studies have reported that the toxicity of parabens affects the water environment, and human as well. This study utilized M13 phage display technology to provide easy, efficient, and relatively inexpensive methods to identify peptides that bind to MP and PP, respectively, to remove in wastewater. At first, biopanning was performed, to sort MP and PP specific binding phages, and three cases of experiment, including negative control (NC), which could sort unspecific binding phage, were conducted at the same time. Phage binding affinity tests were substituted by concentration reduction using antibody conjugated magnetic beads, and paraben concentration was measured by HPLC. Analysis showed that the MP concentration reduction of 38% was the highest in M4 phage, while the PP concentration reduction of 44% was the highest in P3 phage. We successfully screened two peptides specific to MP and PP, namely, MP4 and PP3, respectively; the results showed that the MP concentration reduction in MP4 was the highest at 44%, and the PP concentration reduction in PP3 was the highest at 39%, and their specificity was measured by the capture rate between target and control. In conclusion, the phage display technique shows applicability to the removal of parabens in water; furthermore, it also shows the possibility of the detection or removal of other chemicals.