In pastures, the application of limestone is often performed after removal of the animals for proper development and establishment of regrowth. Together with this practice, the use of picloram in high concentrations for dicotyledonous weeds is common. Therefore, the evaluation of the behavior of this herbicide in these conditions is critical. The objective of this study was to determine the leaching of the picloram, in the soil with different pH and cultivated with Urochloa brizantha (signalgrass) trimmed or not. The experiment was plotted in a subdivided plot with four repetitions, where the plots were constituted by factors pH (5.3 and 6.4) and Urochloa brizantha managements (trimmed and no trimmed). The subplots were composed by depths (0 to 50 cm). The picloram was applied to the top of the columns after 65 days after emergency. A rain of intensity of 60 mm was simulated 12 h after the herbicide application. Picloram concentration was quantified by the high-performance liquid chromatography. Besides that, a control treatment was added without the presence of the signalgrass, for each substrate. The picloram was not detected in the percolated water through the columns. Picloram leached to deeper layers in the soil with pH 6.4, independently of the signalgrass management. The signalgrass reduced the leaching of the picloram, and those no-trimmed demonstrate a higher capacity to retain the herbicide in superficial layers. The liming of the soil increases the pH and reduces the amount of organic matter in the soil, which favors the leaching of picloram to the layer of 30–35 cm. Trimming of Urochloa brizantha reduces the capacity of this forage to reduce the leaching of picloram.

Arsenic (As) is a well-known highly toxic and carcinogenic element. A combination of electrodialytic remediation (EDR) after soil washing with flocculant addition targeting remediation of a soil polluted with As from wood preservation industry is the focus of this paper. The fine fraction (< 0.063 mm) from the washed soil after dry sieving was also considered. The EDR experiments were carried out in a 2-compartment cell applying 0.01 mA/cm² during 14, 7 and 3 days. The suspended soil slurry was placed in cathode compartment separated by anion exchange membrane (AEM) of the anolyte where the pH was kept at 10. The soil was highly polluted with As, and the EDR was able to remove between 50 and 80% corresponding to 400–478 mg As/kg of soil. The major part of the As was removed within the first 3 days (63%), and approx. 10% more of As was released doubling the time of the experiment: 72% in 7 days and 80% in 14 days. The pre-treated soil showed higher As initial concentration, but did not show a clear advantage in terms of removal rate as the original soil (not washed or sieved) showed 80% of As removal comparing with 61% and 50% for washed and fine fraction, respectively (although the absolute removed concentration was similar). The sequential extraction results confirmed that As was bound into more mobile fractions in original soil, and the higher removal was mainly due to its larger exchangeable and reducible fractions compared to the oxidizable and residual fraction in pre-treated soil.

Black liquor is generated from the pretreatment process of biomass-based bioethanol production and due its environmental impact, should be treated effectively before discharged to the water body. Chemical treatment using coagulation-flocculation method was commonly used for wastewater treatment. In the case of black liquor, chemical treatment is often insufficient and further treatment was needed to degrade lignin in order to reduce its black coloration. This present study investigated the two-step treatment to decolorize black liquor using chemical coagulation-flocculation and biological treatment using white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor INACC F200. The biological treatment was optimized by applying a response surface methodology (RSM) of the utilization of CuSO₄ concentration, Tween 80 concentration, and agitation. Furthermore, lignin degradation was also confirmed using FTIR and LC-MS. Initial chemical treatment using ferrous sulfate and polyacrylamide as coagulant-flocculant with a ratio of 3:3, resulted in black liquor decolorization at 80.9% and reduced the COD up to 90.77%. A full quadratic stepwise model was utilized with CuSO₄ inducer, Tween 80 mediator, and agitation speed as the independent variables. Optimum decolorization of 96.188% was predicted when using 2 mM CuSO₄, 2% Tween 80, and an agitation speed of 150 rpm. The highest enzyme activity during the decolorization process was lignin peroxidase (LiP). FT-IR and LC-MS profile showed that lignin-associated bond was eliminated and the molecular weight of lignin was decreased after the treatment. This study concludes the effective decolorization and delignification of black liquor by the two-step chemical and biological treatment.

Heavy metals including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) were investigated in 89 pairs of rice plant and paddy soils around Dongting Lake area, China. Rice plants and soils were collected with GPS device, and heavy metal contents in different rice plant tissues and soils were measured. The aim of the present study was to assess the heavy metal pollution and translocation in the whole soil-rice system, including the consequent human health risk for residents. According to the indices of average geoaccumulation (Igₑₒ) of the studied elements, paddy soils in study area were moderately polluted by Cd, lowly polluted by Pb, and not polluted by Cu, Zn, Cr, and As. Considering the much higher concentrations of studied elements in roots than in other tissues of rice plants, a great mass of these elements was assumed to be confined in the roots. The low translocation factors from root to shoot (Tfᵣₒₒₜ₋ₛₕₒₒₜ) of all the studied heavy metals (0.04–0.74) underpinned this. The high translocation factors from soil to root (Tfₛₒᵢₗ₋ᵣₒₒₜ) of Cd (9.12), As (4.38), and Zn (2.05) indicated the high bioavailability of these heavy metals for rice plant. The health risk assessment using target hazard quotients (THQs) model indicated that Cd (5.17 for adults and 4.49 for children respectively) and As (3.61 for adults and 3.14 for children respectively) could cause human health risk both for adults and children. Further, given the rate of individual THQ values exceeding one, Cu might also be considered as a potential human health dangerous element in the study area. It was worth noting that as one of the main pollutants, Pb did not show human health risk through rice grain consumption due to its low Tf values in soil-rice system. However, the risk identification of As using comparisons of measured concentrations with risk screening value in Chinese paddy soil standard (GB15618-2018) was not consistent with the human health risk assessment result. This might indicate that site-specific risk screening values of As in China is in demand.

The transport sector is the fourth largest industrial CO₂ emitter in China, next to power sector, iron and steel industries, and nonmetallic mineral product industry, and plays an important role in reducing China’s CO₂ emissions. In this study, a temporal decomposition analysis model, i.e., Logistic Mean Division Index (LMDI), is developed to analyze the influencing factors of CO₂ emissions in China’s transport sector during 2000–2015. Then, a multi-regional spatial decomposition model is employed to identify the key factors to induce the differences in CO₂ emissions of China’s 30 regional transport sectors in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Based on the empirical results, we find that both in the temporal and spatial perspectives, the main factors that affect CO₂ emissions in the transport sector are the same ones. From the temporal perspective, the income effect is the dominant factor increasing CO₂ emissions of transport sector, while energy intensity effect and transportation structure effect are the key influencing factors that curb the CO₂ emissions of China’s transport sector, during the whole study period. From the spatial perspective, the income effect, energy intensity effect, and transportation structure effect are the key influencing factors that enlarge the gap of CO₂ emissions of various transport sectors in the key study years. More importantly, the less-developed regions and high energy intensity regions (i.e., the lower energy efficiency regions) are identified to have the great potential to reduce CO₂ emissions of transport sector. Therefore, differentiated mitigation measures and interregional collaborations are encouraged to reduce transport sector’s CO₂ emissions in China.

With an increase of service time of landfills, a great amount of old landfills begin to leak and the leachate impairs the surrounding environment severely. Defining the flow of leachate is significant to the monitoring and restoration of the landfill. Field tests and laboratory tests are often used to investigate the leachate flow. However, many uncontrollable factors may affect the accuracy of field tests, and the application of field test results is usually limited. At the same time, it is difficult to simulate and monitor the migration process of leachate in real time in laboratory. To address this problem, a new physical simulating device is created to simulate the leachate migration under flowing conditions, and improved ERT device is designed to monitor the migration in laboratory tests. The results show that the improved ERT could delineate the migration range well in laboratory tests, providing a new method to investigate the leachate migration in laboratory test and providing a reference to the application of ERT in field tests. The relative variation rate of resistivity could reduce the influence of background, and is very suitable for time-lapse ERT. In addition, the effect of flowing rate, leakage rate, and time on the leachate migration is also investigated. The results show that the horizontal migration rate increases with an increase of flowing rate. The leakage rate has a significant influence on the vertical migration, but has limited effect on the horizontal migration. The curvature of migration front increases with an increase of flowing rate and time.

China’s rapid economic growth is accompanied by seriously environmental pollution. It is the primary task of Chinese government to effectively improve the environmental pollution status while maintaining the rapid and stable economic development. As a new environment governance method, this paper analyzes both environmental and economic effect of third-party governance model concerning “the one who makes pollution makes payment”. Firstly, Deng grey relational analysis and principal component analysis have been adopted to calculate the environmental governance coefficients and to rank the effect of environmental governance for all sample cities. And the consistency of results of the two methods has been evaluated according to Kendall-W coefficients. The two methods reach the same conclusion that the sample cities adopting the third-party governance model can improve the environmental pollution status more effectively. Secondly, Granger causality test is used to analyze the relationship between the third-party model and economic growth. It is concluded that the third-party governance model could effectively promote economic growth of local cities. Lastly, this paper puts forward some measures and improvement methods to promote the third-party governance model in China.

Textile effluents contain a series of dyes and salts, and their decolorization is strongly affected by salinity. In this work, the influence of salinity on methylene blue (MB) adsorption by comminuted raw avocado seeds was investigated. The adsorbent was firstly characterized. The optimal conditions for MB adsorption on the avocado seeds were determined by response surface methodology (RSM). Subsequently, the influence of ten salts in MB adsorption was evaluated using kinetic and equilibrium studies. The optimal conditions for MB adsorption on the avocado seeds were pH = 10 and adsorbent dosage = 1 g L⁻¹. General order model was able to describe the kinetic profile, and its parameters showed that the adsorption rate and capacity were affected by the presence of salts. The equilibrium was adequately represented by the Sips model. The maximum adsorption capacity without the presence of salts was 97.97 mg g⁻¹. The maximum adsorption capacity was found in the presence of sodium carbonate, which was 103.13 mg g⁻¹. The presence of sodium citrate reduced the adsorption capacity to 80.42 mg g⁻¹. Therefore, even in the presence of salts, comminuted raw avocado seeds demonstrated great potential to treat colored effluents containing MB dye.

Bioretention is one of the most popular technical practices for urban runoff pollution control. However, the efficiency of nutrient removal from urban stormwater runoff by bioretention systems varies significantly. To improve the nutrient removal performance, innovative up-flow and mixed-flow bioretention systems were proposed in this study, and a laboratory study was conducted to investigate the runoff retention and nutrient removal performance. During the leaching experiment using tap water as the inflow, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) leaching phenomenon was obvious. COD and TN leaching controls were obviously improved when the up-flow and mixed-flow bioretention systems were adopted comparing with the conventional bioretention. During the semi-synthetic runoff experiments, after the leaching experiments’ performance (accumulated 2.78 times of empty bed volume), there were no significant differences in COD mass removal efficiencies of conventional and up-flow bioretention processes (p > 0.05); however, the COD mass removal efficiencies of the mixed-flow bioretention processes increased by 10% when compared with conventional bioretention. The TN mass removal efficiencies of the up-flow and mixed-flow bioretention increased obviously from 17% ± 13% (conventional) to 41% ± 23% (up-flow) and 31% ± 16% (mixed-flow). However, there were no significant differences in TP mass removal or runoff reduction among the three bioretention columns (p > 0.05). Both up-flow and mixed-flow bioretention can effectively improve TN mass removal, and the mixed-flow bioretention did not show a better TN removal performance than the up-flow bioretention because these two bioretention had almost the same volume of the saturated zone. Overall, the results indicate the mixed-flow bioretention proposed in this study can effectively improve TN mass removal and slightly improve COD mass removal relative to conventional methods via increases in hydraulic retention time and in-flow paths, respectively.